ClickHouse/docs/en/sql-reference/functions/date-time-functions.md

---
toc_priority: 39
toc_title: Dates and Times
---

# Functions for Working with Dates and Times {#functions-for-working-with-dates-and-times}

Support for time zones

All functions for working with the date and time that have a logical use for the time zone can accept a second optional time zone argument. Example: Asia/Yekaterinburg. In this case, they use the specified time zone instead of the local (default) one.

``` sql
SELECT
    toDateTime('2016-06-15 23:00:00') AS time,
    toDate(time) AS date_local,
    toDate(time, 'Asia/Yekaterinburg') AS date_yekat,
    toString(time, 'US/Samoa') AS time_samoa
```

``` text
┌────────────────time─┬─date_local─┬─date_yekat─┬─time_samoa──────────┐
│ 2016-06-15 23:00:00 │ 2016-06-15 │ 2016-06-16 │ 2016-06-15 09:00:00 │
└─────────────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴─────────────────────┘
```

## toTimeZone {#totimezone}

Convert time or date and time to the specified time zone. The time zone is an attribute of the Date/DateTime types. The internal value (number of seconds) of the table field or of the resultset's column does not change, the column's type changes and its string representation changes accordingly.

```sql
SELECT
    toDateTime('2019-01-01 00:00:00', 'UTC') AS time_utc,
    toTypeName(time_utc) AS type_utc,
    toInt32(time_utc) AS int32utc,
    toTimeZone(time_utc, 'Asia/Yekaterinburg') AS time_yekat,
    toTypeName(time_yekat) AS type_yekat,
    toInt32(time_yekat) AS int32yekat,
    toTimeZone(time_utc, 'US/Samoa') AS time_samoa,
    toTypeName(time_samoa) AS type_samoa,
    toInt32(time_samoa) AS int32samoa
FORMAT Vertical;
```

```text
Row 1:
──────
time_utc:   2019-01-01 00:00:00
type_utc:   DateTime('UTC')
int32utc:   1546300800
time_yekat: 2019-01-01 05:00:00
type_yekat: DateTime('Asia/Yekaterinburg')
int32yekat: 1546300800
time_samoa: 2018-12-31 13:00:00
type_samoa: DateTime('US/Samoa')
int32samoa: 1546300800
```

`toTimeZone(time_utc, 'Asia/Yekaterinburg')` changes the `DateTime('UTC')` type to `DateTime('Asia/Yekaterinburg')`. The value (Unixtimestamp) 1546300800 stays the same, but the string representation (the result of the toString() function) changes from `time_utc:   2019-01-01 00:00:00` to `time_yekat: 2019-01-01 05:00:00`.

## toYear {#toyear}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt16 number containing the year number (AD).

## toQuarter {#toquarter}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the quarter number.

## toMonth {#tomonth}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the month number (1-12).

## toDayOfYear {#todayofyear}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt16 number containing the number of the day of the year (1-366).

## toDayOfMonth {#todayofmonth}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the day of the month (1-31).

## toDayOfWeek {#todayofweek}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the day of the week (Monday is 1, and Sunday is 7).

## toHour {#tohour}

Converts a date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the hour in 24-hour time (0-23).
This function assumes that if clocks are moved ahead, it is by one hour and occurs at 2 a.m., and if clocks are moved back, it is by one hour and occurs at 3 a.m. (which is not always true – even in Moscow the clocks were twice changed at a different time).

## toMinute {#tominute}

Converts a date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the minute of the hour (0-59).

## toSecond {#tosecond}

Converts a date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the second in the minute (0-59).
Leap seconds are not accounted for.

## toUnixTimestamp {#to-unix-timestamp}

For DateTime argument: converts value to the number with type UInt32 -- Unix Timestamp (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time).
For String argument: converts the input string to the datetime according to the timezone (optional second argument, server timezone is used by default) and returns the corresponding unix timestamp.

**Syntax**

``` sql
toUnixTimestamp(datetime)
toUnixTimestamp(str, [timezone])
```

**Returned value**

-   Returns the unix timestamp.

Type: `UInt32`.

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT toUnixTimestamp('2017-11-05 08:07:47', 'Asia/Tokyo') AS unix_timestamp
```

Result:

``` text
┌─unix_timestamp─┐
│     1509836867 │
└────────────────┘
```

## toStartOfYear {#tostartofyear}

Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of the year.
Returns the date.

## toStartOfISOYear {#tostartofisoyear}

Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of ISO year.
Returns the date.

## toStartOfQuarter {#tostartofquarter}

Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of the quarter.
The first day of the quarter is either 1 January, 1 April, 1 July, or 1 October.
Returns the date.

## toStartOfMonth {#tostartofmonth}

Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of the month.
Returns the date.

!!! attention "Attention"
    The behavior of parsing incorrect dates is implementation specific. ClickHouse may return zero date, throw an exception or do “natural” overflow.

## toMonday {#tomonday}

Rounds down a date or date with time to the nearest Monday.
Returns the date.

## toStartOfWeek(t\[,mode\]) {#tostartofweektmode}

Rounds down a date or date with time to the nearest Sunday or Monday by mode.
Returns the date.
The mode argument works exactly like the mode argument to toWeek(). For the single-argument syntax, a mode value of 0 is used.

## toStartOfDay {#tostartofday}

Rounds down a date with time to the start of the day.

## toStartOfHour {#tostartofhour}

Rounds down a date with time to the start of the hour.

## toStartOfMinute {#tostartofminute}

Rounds down a date with time to the start of the minute.

## toStartOfSecond {#tostartofsecond}

Truncates sub-seconds.

**Syntax**

``` sql
toStartOfSecond(value[, timezone])
```

**Arguments**

-   `value` — Date and time. [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
-   `timezone` — [Timezone](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) for the returned value (optional). If not specified, the function uses the timezone of the `value` parameter. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

**Returned value**

-   Input value without sub-seconds.

Type: [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).

**Examples**

Query without timezone:

``` sql
WITH toDateTime64('2020-01-01 10:20:30.999', 3) AS dt64
SELECT toStartOfSecond(dt64);
```

Result:

``` text
┌───toStartOfSecond(dt64)─┐
│ 2020-01-01 10:20:30.000 │
└─────────────────────────┘
```

Query with timezone:

``` sql
WITH toDateTime64('2020-01-01 10:20:30.999', 3) AS dt64
SELECT toStartOfSecond(dt64, 'Europe/Moscow');
```

Result:

``` text
┌─toStartOfSecond(dt64, 'Europe/Moscow')─┐
│                2020-01-01 13:20:30.000 │
└────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

**See also**

-   [Timezone](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) server configuration parameter.

## toStartOfFiveMinute {#tostartoffiveminute}

Rounds down a date with time to the start of the five-minute interval.

## toStartOfTenMinutes {#tostartoftenminutes}

Rounds down a date with time to the start of the ten-minute interval.

## toStartOfFifteenMinutes {#tostartoffifteenminutes}

Rounds down the date with time to the start of the fifteen-minute interval.

## toStartOfInterval(time_or_data, INTERVAL x unit \[, time_zone\]) {#tostartofintervaltime-or-data-interval-x-unit-time-zone}

This is a generalization of other functions named `toStartOf*`. For example,
`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 1 year)` returns the same as `toStartOfYear(t)`,
`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 1 month)` returns the same as `toStartOfMonth(t)`,
`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 1 day)` returns the same as `toStartOfDay(t)`,
`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 15 minute)` returns the same as `toStartOfFifteenMinutes(t)` etc.

## toTime {#totime}

Converts a date with time to a certain fixed date, while preserving the time.

## toRelativeYearNum {#torelativeyearnum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the year, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toRelativeQuarterNum {#torelativequarternum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the quarter, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toRelativeMonthNum {#torelativemonthnum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the month, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toRelativeWeekNum {#torelativeweeknum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the week, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toRelativeDayNum {#torelativedaynum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the day, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toRelativeHourNum {#torelativehournum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the hour, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toRelativeMinuteNum {#torelativeminutenum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the minute, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toRelativeSecondNum {#torelativesecondnum}

Converts a date with time or date to the number of the second, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.

## toISOYear {#toisoyear}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt16 number containing the ISO Year number.

## toISOWeek {#toisoweek}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the ISO Week number.

## toWeek(date\[,mode\]) {#toweekdatemode}

This function returns the week number for date or datetime. The two-argument form of toWeek() enables you to specify whether the week starts on Sunday or Monday and whether the return value should be in the range from 0 to 53 or from 1 to 53. If the mode argument is omitted, the default mode is 0.
`toISOWeek()`is a compatibility function that is equivalent to `toWeek(date,3)`.
The following table describes how the mode argument works.

| Mode | First day of week | Range | Week 1 is the first week …    |
|------|-------------------|-------|-------------------------------|
| 0    | Sunday            | 0-53  | with a Sunday in this year    |
| 1    | Monday            | 0-53  | with 4 or more days this year |
| 2    | Sunday            | 1-53  | with a Sunday in this year    |
| 3    | Monday            | 1-53  | with 4 or more days this year |
| 4    | Sunday            | 0-53  | with 4 or more days this year |
| 5    | Monday            | 0-53  | with a Monday in this year    |
| 6    | Sunday            | 1-53  | with 4 or more days this year |
| 7    | Monday            | 1-53  | with a Monday in this year    |
| 8    | Sunday            | 1-53  | contains January 1            |
| 9    | Monday            | 1-53  | contains January 1            |

For mode values with a meaning of “with 4 or more days this year,” weeks are numbered according to ISO 8601:1988:

-   If the week containing January 1 has 4 or more days in the new year, it is week 1.

-   Otherwise, it is the last week of the previous year, and the next week is week 1.

For mode values with a meaning of “contains January 1”, the week contains January 1 is week 1. It doesn’t matter how many days in the new year the week contained, even if it contained only one day.

``` sql
toWeek(date, [, mode][, Timezone])
```

**Arguments**

-   `date` – Date or DateTime.
-   `mode` – Optional parameter, Range of values is \[0,9\], default is 0.
-   `Timezone` – Optional parameter, it behaves like any other conversion function.

**Example**

``` sql
SELECT toDate('2016-12-27') AS date, toWeek(date) AS week0, toWeek(date,1) AS week1, toWeek(date,9) AS week9;
```

``` text
┌───────date─┬─week0─┬─week1─┬─week9─┐
│ 2016-12-27 │    52 │    52 │     1 │
└────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘
```

## toYearWeek(date\[,mode\]) {#toyearweekdatemode}

Returns year and week for a date. The year in the result may be different from the year in the date argument for the first and the last week of the year.

The mode argument works exactly like the mode argument to toWeek(). For the single-argument syntax, a mode value of 0 is used.

`toISOYear()`is a compatibility function that is equivalent to `intDiv(toYearWeek(date,3),100)`.

**Example**

``` sql
SELECT toDate('2016-12-27') AS date, toYearWeek(date) AS yearWeek0, toYearWeek(date,1) AS yearWeek1, toYearWeek(date,9) AS yearWeek9;
```

``` text
┌───────date─┬─yearWeek0─┬─yearWeek1─┬─yearWeek9─┐
│ 2016-12-27 │    201652 │    201652 │    201701 │
└────────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┘
```

## date\_trunc {#date_trunc}

Truncates date and time data to the specified part of date.

**Syntax** 

``` sql
date_trunc(unit, value[, timezone])
```

Alias: `dateTrunc`. 

**Arguments**

-   `unit` — The type of interval to truncate the result. [String Literal](../syntax.md#syntax-string-literal).
    Possible values:

    - `second`
    - `minute`
    - `hour`
    - `day`
    - `week`
    - `month`
    - `quarter`
    - `year`

-   `value` — Date and time. [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) or [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
-   `timezone` — [Timezone name](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) for the returned value (optional). If not specified, the function uses the timezone of the `value` parameter. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

**Returned value**

-   Value, truncated to the specified part of date.

Type: [Datetime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).

**Example**

Query without timezone:

``` sql
SELECT now(), date_trunc('hour', now());
```

Result:

``` text
┌───────────────now()─┬─date_trunc('hour', now())─┐
│ 2020-09-28 10:40:45 │       2020-09-28 10:00:00 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘
```

Query with the specified timezone:

```sql
SELECT now(), date_trunc('hour', now(), 'Europe/Moscow');
```

Result:

```text
┌───────────────now()─┬─date_trunc('hour', now(), 'Europe/Moscow')─┐
│ 2020-09-28 10:46:26 │                        2020-09-28 13:00:00 │
└─────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

**See also**

-   [toStartOfInterval](#tostartofintervaltime-or-data-interval-x-unit-time-zone)

## date\_add {#date_add}

Adds specified date/time interval to the provided date.

**Syntax** 

``` sql
date_add(unit, value, date)
```

Aliases: `dateAdd`, `DATE_ADD`. 

**Arguments**

-   `unit` — The type of interval to add. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

        Supported values: second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year.
-   `value` - Value in specified unit - [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md)    
-   `date` — [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).


**Returned value**

Returns Date or DateTime with `value` expressed in `unit` added to `date`. 

**Example**

```sql
select date_add(YEAR, 3, toDate('2018-01-01'));
```

```text
┌─plus(toDate('2018-01-01'), toIntervalYear(3))─┐
│                                    2021-01-01 │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

## date\_diff {#date_diff}

Returns the difference between two Date or DateTime values.

**Syntax**

``` sql
date_diff('unit', startdate, enddate, [timezone])
```

Aliases: `dateDiff`, `DATE_DIFF`. 

**Arguments**

-   `unit` — The type of interval for result [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

        Supported values: second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year.

-   `startdate` — The first time value to subtract (the subtrahend). [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).

-   `enddate` — The second time value to subtract from (the minuend). [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).

-   `timezone` — Optional parameter. If specified, it is applied to both `startdate` and `enddate`. If not specified, timezones of `startdate` and `enddate` are used. If they are not the same, the result is unspecified.

**Returned value**

Difference between `enddate` and `startdate` expressed in `unit`.

Type: `int`.

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT dateDiff('hour', toDateTime('2018-01-01 22:00:00'), toDateTime('2018-01-02 23:00:00'));
```

Result:

``` text
┌─dateDiff('hour', toDateTime('2018-01-01 22:00:00'), toDateTime('2018-01-02 23:00:00'))─┐
│                                                                                     25 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

## date\_sub {#date_sub}

Subtracts a time/date interval from the provided date.

**Syntax**

``` sql
date_sub(unit, value, date)
```

Aliases: `dateSub`, `DATE_SUB`. 

**Arguments**

-   `unit` — The type of interval to subtract. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

        Supported values: second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year.
-   `value` - Value in specified unit - [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md)    
-   `date` — [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) to subtract value from.

**Returned value**

Returns Date or DateTime with `value` expressed in `unit` subtracted from `date`. 

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT date_sub(YEAR, 3, toDate('2018-01-01'));
```

Result:

``` text
┌─minus(toDate('2018-01-01'), toIntervalYear(3))─┐
│                                     2015-01-01 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

## timestamp\_add {#timestamp_add}

Adds the specified time value with the provided date or date time value.

**Syntax** 

``` sql
timestamp_add(date, INTERVAL value unit)
```

Aliases: `timeStampAdd`, `TIMESTAMP_ADD`. 

**Arguments**
    
-   `date` — Date or Date with time - [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
-   `value` - Value in specified unit - [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md)
-   `unit` — The type of interval to add. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

        Supported values: second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year.

**Returned value**

Returns Date or DateTime with the specified `value`  expressed in `unit` added to `date`. 
    
**Example**

```sql
select timestamp_add(toDate('2018-01-01'), INTERVAL 3 MONTH);
```

```text
┌─plus(toDate('2018-01-01'), toIntervalMonth(3))─┐
│                                     2018-04-01 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

## timestamp\_sub {#timestamp_sub}

Returns the difference between two dates in the specified unit.

**Syntax** 

``` sql
timestamp_sub(unit, value, date)
```

Aliases: `timeStampSub`, `TIMESTAMP_SUB`. 

**Arguments**

-   `unit` — The type of interval to add. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

        Supported values: second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year.
-   `value` - Value in specified unit - [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).   
-   `date`- [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).

**Returned value**

Difference between `date` and the specified `value` expressed in `unit`.

**Example**

```sql
select timestamp_sub(MONTH, 5, toDateTime('2018-12-18 01:02:03'));
```

```text
┌─minus(toDateTime('2018-12-18 01:02:03'), toIntervalMonth(5))─┐
│                                          2018-07-18 01:02:03 │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
    
## now {#now}

Returns the current date and time. 

**Syntax** 

``` sql
now([timezone])
```

**Arguments**

-   `timezone` — [Timezone name](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) for the returned value (optional). [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).

**Returned value**

-   Current date and time.

Type: [Datetime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).

**Example**

Query without timezone:

``` sql
SELECT now();
```

Result:

``` text
┌───────────────now()─┐
│ 2020-10-17 07:42:09 │
└─────────────────────┘
```

Query with the specified timezone:

``` sql
SELECT now('Europe/Moscow');
```

Result:

``` text
┌─now('Europe/Moscow')─┐
│  2020-10-17 10:42:23 │
└──────────────────────┘
```

## today {#today}

Accepts zero arguments and returns the current date at one of the moments of request execution.
The same as ‘toDate(now())’.

## yesterday {#yesterday}

Accepts zero arguments and returns yesterday’s date at one of the moments of request execution.
The same as ‘today() - 1’.

## timeSlot {#timeslot}

Rounds the time to the half hour.
This function is specific to Yandex.Metrica, since half an hour is the minimum amount of time for breaking a session into two sessions if a tracking tag shows a single user’s consecutive pageviews that differ in time by strictly more than this amount. This means that tuples (the tag ID, user ID, and time slot) can be used to search for pageviews that are included in the corresponding session.

## toYYYYMM {#toyyyymm}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt32 number containing the year and month number (YYYY \* 100 + MM).

## toYYYYMMDD {#toyyyymmdd}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt32 number containing the year and month number (YYYY \* 10000 + MM \* 100 + DD).

## toYYYYMMDDhhmmss {#toyyyymmddhhmmss}

Converts a date or date with time to a UInt64 number containing the year and month number (YYYY \* 10000000000 + MM \* 100000000 + DD \* 1000000 + hh \* 10000 + mm \* 100 + ss).

## addYears, addMonths, addWeeks, addDays, addHours, addMinutes, addSeconds, addQuarters {#addyears-addmonths-addweeks-adddays-addhours-addminutes-addseconds-addquarters}

Function adds a Date/DateTime interval to a Date/DateTime and then return the Date/DateTime. For example:

``` sql
WITH
    toDate('2018-01-01') AS date,
    toDateTime('2018-01-01 00:00:00') AS date_time
SELECT
    addYears(date, 1) AS add_years_with_date,
    addYears(date_time, 1) AS add_years_with_date_time
```

``` text
┌─add_years_with_date─┬─add_years_with_date_time─┐
│          2019-01-01 │      2019-01-01 00:00:00 │
└─────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┘
```

## subtractYears, subtractMonths, subtractWeeks, subtractDays, subtractHours, subtractMinutes, subtractSeconds, subtractQuarters {#subtractyears-subtractmonths-subtractweeks-subtractdays-subtracthours-subtractminutes-subtractseconds-subtractquarters}

Function subtract a Date/DateTime interval to a Date/DateTime and then return the Date/DateTime. For example:

``` sql
WITH
    toDate('2019-01-01') AS date,
    toDateTime('2019-01-01 00:00:00') AS date_time
SELECT
    subtractYears(date, 1) AS subtract_years_with_date,
    subtractYears(date_time, 1) AS subtract_years_with_date_time
```

``` text
┌─subtract_years_with_date─┬─subtract_years_with_date_time─┐
│               2018-01-01 │           2018-01-01 00:00:00 │
└──────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
```

## timeSlots(StartTime, Duration,\[, Size\]) {#timeslotsstarttime-duration-size}

For a time interval starting at ‘StartTime’ and continuing for ‘Duration’ seconds, it returns an array of moments in time, consisting of points from this interval rounded down to the ‘Size’ in seconds. ‘Size’ is an optional parameter: a constant UInt32, set to 1800 by default.
For example, `timeSlots(toDateTime('2012-01-01 12:20:00'), 600) = [toDateTime('2012-01-01 12:00:00'), toDateTime('2012-01-01 12:30:00')]`.
This is necessary for searching for pageviews in the corresponding session.

## formatDateTime {#formatdatetime}

Function formats a Time according given Format string. N.B.: Format is a constant expression, e.g. you can not have multiple formats for single result column.

**Syntax**

``` sql
formatDateTime(Time, Format\[, Timezone\])
```

**Returned value(s)**

Returnes time and date values according to the determined format.

**Replacement fields**
Using replacement fields, you can define a pattern for the resulting string. “Example” column shows formatting result for `2018-01-02 22:33:44`.

| Placeholder | Description                                             | Example    |
|----------|---------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| %C       | year divided by 100 and truncated to integer (00-99)    | 20         |
| %d       | day of the month, zero-padded (01-31)                   | 02         |
| %D       | Short MM/DD/YY date, equivalent to %m/%d/%y             | 01/02/18   |
| %e       | day of the month, space-padded ( 1-31)                  |  2         |
| %F       | short YYYY-MM-DD date, equivalent to %Y-%m-%d           | 2018-01-02 |
| %G       | four-digit year format for ISO week number, calculated from the week-based year [defined by the ISO 8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Week_dates) standard, normally useful only with %V  | 2018         |
| %g       | two-digit year format, aligned to ISO 8601, abbreviated from four-digit notation                                | 18       |
| %H       | hour in 24h format (00-23)                              | 22         |
| %I       | hour in 12h format (01-12)                              | 10         |
| %j       | day of the year (001-366)                               | 002        |
| %m       | month as a decimal number (01-12)                       | 01         |
| %M       | minute (00-59)                                          | 33         |
| %n       | new-line character (‘’)                                 |            |
| %p       | AM or PM designation                                    | PM         |
| %Q       | Quarter (1-4)                                           | 1          |
| %R       | 24-hour HH:MM time, equivalent to %H:%M                 | 22:33      |
| %S       | second (00-59)                                          | 44         |
| %t       | horizontal-tab character (’)                            |            |
| %T       | ISO 8601 time format (HH:MM:SS), equivalent to %H:%M:%S | 22:33:44   |
| %u       | ISO 8601 weekday as number with Monday as 1 (1-7)       | 2          |
| %V       | ISO 8601 week number (01-53)                            | 01         |
| %w       | weekday as a decimal number with Sunday as 0 (0-6)      | 2          |
| %y       | Year, last two digits (00-99)                           | 18         |
| %Y       | Year                                                    | 2018       |
| %%       | a % sign                                                | %          |

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT formatDateTime(toDate('2010-01-04'), '%g')
```

Result:

```
┌─formatDateTime(toDate('2010-01-04'), '%g')─┐
│ 10                                         │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

[Original article](https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions/) <!--hide-->

## FROM\_UNIXTIME {#fromunixfime}

When there is only single argument of integer type, it act in the same way as `toDateTime` and return [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
type.

For example:

```sql
SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(423543535)
```

```text
┌─FROM_UNIXTIME(423543535)─┐
│      1983-06-04 10:58:55 │
└──────────────────────────┘
```

When there are two arguments, first is integer or DateTime, second is constant format string, it act in the same way as `formatDateTime` and return `String` type.

For example:

```sql
SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1234334543, '%Y-%m-%d %R:%S') AS DateTime
```

```text
┌─DateTime────────────┐
│ 2009-02-11 14:42:23 │
└─────────────────────┘
```

## toModifiedJulianDay {#tomodifiedjulianday}

Converts a [Proleptic Gregorian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar) date in text form `YYYY-MM-DD` to a [Modified Julian Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day#Variants) number in Int32. This function supports date from `0000-01-01` to `9999-12-31`. It raises an exception if the argument cannot be parsed as a date, or the date is invalid.

**Syntax**

``` sql
toModifiedJulianDay(date)
```

**Arguments**

-   `date` — Date in text form. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).

**Returned value**

-   Modified Julian Day number.

Type: [Int32](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT toModifiedJulianDay('2020-01-01');
```

Result:

``` text
┌─toModifiedJulianDay('2020-01-01')─┐
│                             58849 │
└───────────────────────────────────┘
```

## toModifiedJulianDayOrNull {#tomodifiedjuliandayornull}

Similar to [toModifiedJulianDay()](#tomodifiedjulianday), but instead of raising exceptions it returns `NULL`.

**Syntax**

``` sql
toModifiedJulianDayOrNull(date)
```

**Arguments**

-   `date` — Date in text form. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).

**Returned value**

-   Modified Julian Day number.

Type: [Nullable(Int32)](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT toModifiedJulianDayOrNull('2020-01-01');
```

Result:

``` text
┌─toModifiedJulianDayOrNull('2020-01-01')─┐
│                                   58849 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

## fromModifiedJulianDay {#frommodifiedjulianday}

Converts a [Modified Julian Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day#Variants) number to a [Proleptic Gregorian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar) date in text form `YYYY-MM-DD`. This function supports day number from `-678941` to `2973119` (which represent 0000-01-01 and 9999-12-31 respectively). It raises an exception if the day number is outside of the supported range.

**Syntax**

``` sql
fromModifiedJulianDay(day)
```

**Arguments**

-   `day` — Modified Julian Day number. [Any integral types](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).

**Returned value**

-   Date in text form.

Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md)

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT fromModifiedJulianDay(58849);
```

Result:

``` text
┌─fromModifiedJulianDay(58849)─┐
│ 2020-01-01                   │
└──────────────────────────────┘
```

## fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull {#frommodifiedjuliandayornull}

Similar to [fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull()](#frommodifiedjuliandayornull), but instead of raising exceptions it returns `NULL`.

**Syntax**

``` sql
fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull(day)
```

**Arguments**

-   `day` — Modified Julian Day number. [Any integral types](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).

**Returned value**

-   Date in text form.

Type: [Nullable(String)](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md)

**Example**

Query:

``` sql
SELECT fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull(58849);
```

Result:

``` text
┌─fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull(58849)─┐
│ 2020-01-01                         │
└────────────────────────────────────┘
```