ClickHouse/docs/en/query_language/operators.md

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# Operators
All operators are transformed to their corresponding functions at the query parsing stage in accordance with their precedence and associativity.
Groups of operators are listed in order of priority (the higher it is in the list, the earlier the operator is connected to its arguments).
## Access Operators
`a[N]` Access to an element of an array. The `arrayElement(a, N)` function.
`a.N` Access to a tuple element. The `tupleElement(a, N)` function.
## Numeric Negation Operator
`-a` The `negate (a)` function.
## Multiplication and Division Operators
`a * b` The `multiply (a, b)` function.
`a / b` The `divide(a, b)` function.
`a % b` The `modulo(a, b)` function.
## Addition and Subtraction Operators
`a + b` The `plus(a, b)` function.
`a - b` The `minus(a, b)` function.
## Comparison Operators
`a = b` The `equals(a, b)` function.
`a == b` The `equals(a, b)` function.
`a != b` The `notEquals(a, b)` function.
`a <> b` The `notEquals(a, b)` function.
`a <= b` The `lessOrEquals(a, b)` function.
`a >= b` The `greaterOrEquals(a, b)` function.
`a < b` The `less(a, b)` function.
`a > b` The `greater(a, b)` function.
`a LIKE s` The `like(a, b)` function.
`a NOT LIKE s` The `notLike(a, b)` function.
`a BETWEEN b AND c` The same as `a >= b AND a <= c`.
`a NOT BETWEEN b AND c` The same as `a < b OR a > c`.
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## Operators for Working With Data Sets
*See [IN operators](select.md#select-in-operators).*
`a IN ...` The `in(a, b)` function.
`a NOT IN ...` The `notIn(a, b)` function.
`a GLOBAL IN ...` The `globalIn(a, b)` function.
`a GLOBAL NOT IN ...` The `globalNotIn(a, b)` function.
## Operators for Working with Dates and Times {#operators-datetime}
### EXTRACT {#operator-extract}
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```sql
EXTRACT(part FROM date);
```
Extracts a part from a given date. For example, you can retrieve a month from a given date, or a second from a time.
The `part` parameter specifies which part of the date to retrieve. The following values are available:
- `DAY` — The day of the month. Possible values: 131.
- `MONTH` — The number of a month. Possible values: 112.
- `YEAR` — The year.
- `SECOND` — The second. Possible values: 059.
- `MINUTE` — The minute. Possible values: 059.
- `HOUR` — The hour. Possible values: 023.
The `part` parameter is case-insensitive.
The `date` parameter specifies the date or the time to process. Either [Date](../data_types/date.md) or [DateTime](../data_types/datetime.md) type is supported.
Examples:
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```sql
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
```
In the following example we create a table and insert into it a value with the `DateTime` type.
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```sql
CREATE TABLE test.Orders
(
OrderId UInt64,
OrderName String,
OrderDate DateTime
)
ENGINE = Log;
```
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```sql
INSERT INTO test.Orders VALUES (1, 'Jarlsberg Cheese', toDateTime('2008-10-11 13:23:44'));
```
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```sql
SELECT
toYear(OrderDate) AS OrderYear,
toMonth(OrderDate) AS OrderMonth,
toDayOfMonth(OrderDate) AS OrderDay,
toHour(OrderDate) AS OrderHour,
toMinute(OrderDate) AS OrderMinute,
toSecond(OrderDate) AS OrderSecond
FROM test.Orders;
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```
```text
┌─OrderYear─┬─OrderMonth─┬─OrderDay─┬─OrderHour─┬─OrderMinute─┬─OrderSecond─┐
│ 2008 │ 10 │ 11 │ 13 │ 23 │ 44 │
└───────────┴────────────┴──────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘
```
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You can see more examples in [tests](https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/blob/master/dbms/tests/queries/0_stateless/00619_extract.sql).
### INTERVAL {#operator-interval}
Creates an [Interval](../data_types/special_data_types/interval.md)-type value that should be used in arithmetical operations with [Date](../data_types/date.md) and [DateTime](../data_types/datetime.md)-type values.
Types of intervals:
- `SECOND`
- `MINUTE`
- `HOUR`
- `DAY`
- `WEEK`
- `MONTH`
- `QUARTER`
- `YEAR`
!!! warning "Warning"
Intervals with different types can't be combined. You can't use expressions like `INTERVAL 4 DAY 1 HOUR`. Express intervals in units that are smaller or equal the the smallest unit of the interval, for example `INTERVAL 25 HOUR`. You can use consequtive operations like in the example below.
Example:
```sql
SELECT now() AS current_date_time, current_date_time + INTERVAL 4 DAY + INTERVAL 3 HOUR
```
```text
┌───current_date_time─┬─plus(plus(now(), toIntervalDay(4)), toIntervalHour(3))─┐
│ 2019-10-23 11:16:28 │ 2019-10-27 14:16:28 │
└─────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
**See Also**
- [Interval](../data_types/special_data_types/interval.md) data type
- [toInterval](functions/type_conversion_functions.md#function-tointerval) type convertion functions
## Logical Negation Operator
`NOT a` The `not(a)` function.
## Logical AND Operator
`a AND b` The`and(a, b)` function.
## Logical OR Operator
`a OR b` The `or(a, b)` function.
## Conditional Operator
`a ? b : c` The `if(a, b, c)` function.
Note:
The conditional operator calculates the values of b and c, then checks whether condition a is met, and then returns the corresponding value. If `b` or `C` is an [arrayJoin()](functions/array_join.md#functions_arrayjoin) function, each row will be replicated regardless of the "a" condition.
## Conditional Expression {#operator_case}
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
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```sql
CASE [x]
WHEN a THEN b
[WHEN ... THEN ...]
[ELSE c]
END
```
If `x` is specified, then `transform(x, [a, ...], [b, ...], c)` function is used. Otherwise `multiIf(a, b, ..., c)`.
If there is no `ELSE c` clause in the expression, the default value is `NULL`.
The `transform` function does not work with `NULL`.
## Concatenation Operator
`s1 || s2` The `concat(s1, s2) function.`
## Lambda Creation Operator
`x -> expr` The `lambda(x, expr) function.`
The following operators do not have a priority, since they are brackets:
## Array Creation Operator
`[x1, ...]` The `array(x1, ...) function.`
## Tuple Creation Operator
`(x1, x2, ...)` The `tuple(x2, x2, ...) function.`
## Associativity
All binary operators have left associativity. For example, `1 + 2 + 3` is transformed to `plus(plus(1, 2), 3)`.
Sometimes this doesn't work the way you expect. For example, ` SELECT 4 > 2 > 3` will result in 0.
For efficiency, the `and` and `or` functions accept any number of arguments. The corresponding chains of `AND` and `OR` operators are transformed to a single call of these functions.
## Checking for `NULL`
ClickHouse supports the `IS NULL` and `IS NOT NULL` operators.
### IS NULL {#operator-is-null}
WIP on docs (#3813) * CLICKHOUSE-4063: less manual html @ index.md * CLICKHOUSE-4063: recommend markdown="1" in README.md * CLICKHOUSE-4003: manually purge custom.css for now * CLICKHOUSE-4064: expand <details> before any print (including to pdf) * CLICKHOUSE-3927: rearrange interfaces/formats.md a bit * CLICKHOUSE-3306: add few http headers * Remove copy-paste introduced in #3392 * Hopefully better chinese fonts #3392 * get rid of tabs @ custom.css * Apply comments and patch from #3384 * Add jdbc.md to ToC and some translation, though it still looks badly incomplete * minor punctuation * Add some backlinks to official website from mirrors that just blindly take markdown sources * Do not make fonts extra light * find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's//g' {} * find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's/ sql/g' {} * Remove outdated stuff from roadmap.md * Not so light font on front page too * Refactor Chinese formats.md to match recent changes in other languages * Update some links on front page * Remove some outdated comment * Add twitter link to front page * More front page links tuning * Add Amsterdam meetup link * Smaller font to avoid second line * Add Amsterdam link to README.md * Proper docs nav translation * Back to 300 font-weight except Chinese * fix docs build * Update Amsterdam link * remove symlinks * more zh punctuation * apply lost comment by @zhang2014 * Apply comments by @zhang2014 from #3417 * Remove Beijing link * rm incorrect symlink * restore content of docs/zh/operations/table_engines/index.md * CLICKHOUSE-3751: stem terms while searching docs * CLICKHOUSE-3751: use English stemmer in non-English docs too * CLICKHOUSE-4135 fix * Remove past meetup link * Add blog link to top nav * Add ContentSquare article link * Add form link to front page + refactor some texts * couple markup fixes * minor * Introduce basic ODBC driver page in docs * More verbose 3rd party libs disclaimer * Put third-party stuff into a separate folder * Separate third-party stuff in ToC too * Update links * Move stuff that is not really (only) a client library into a separate page * Add clickhouse-hdfs-loader link * Some introduction for "interfaces" section * Rewrite tcp.md * http_interface.md -> http.md * fix link * Remove unconvenient error for now * try to guess anchor instead of failing * remove symlink * Remove outdated info from introduction * remove ru roadmap.md * replace ru roadmap.md with symlink * Update roadmap.md * lost file * Title case in toc_en.yml * Sync "Functions" ToC section with en * Remove reference to pretty old ClickHouse release from docs * couple lost symlinks in fa * Close quote in proper place * Rewrite en/getting_started/index.md * Sync en<>ru getting_started/index.md * minor changes * Some gui.md refactoring * Translate DataGrip section to ru * Translate DataGrip section to zh * Translate DataGrip section to fa * Translate DBeaver section to fa * Translate DBeaver section to zh * Split third-party GUI to open-source and commercial * Mention some RDBMS integrations + ad-hoc translation fixes * Add rel="external nofollow" to outgoing links from docs * Lost blank lines * Fix class name * More rel="external nofollow" * Apply suggestions by @sundy-li * Mobile version of front page improvements * test * test 2 * test 3 * Update LICENSE * minor docs fix * Highlight current article as suggested by @sundy-li * fix link destination * Introduce backup.md (only "en" for now) * Mention INSERT+SELECT in backup.md * Some improvements for replication.md * Add backup.md to toc * Mention clickhouse-backup tool * Mention LightHouse in third-party GUI list * Introduce interfaces/third-party/proxy.md * Add clickhouse-bulk to proxy.md * Major extension of integrations.md contents * fix link target * remove unneeded file * better toc item name * fix markdown * better ru punctuation * Add yet another possible backup approach * Simplify copying permalinks to headers * Support non-eng link anchors in docs + update some deps * Generate anchors for single-page mode automatically * Remove anchors to top of pages * Remove anchors that nobody links to * build fixes * fix few links * restore css * fix some links * restore gifs * fix lost words * more docs fixes * docs fixes * NULL anchor * update urllib3 dependency * more fixes
2018-12-12 17:28:00 +00:00
- For [Nullable](../data_types/nullable.md) type values, the `IS NULL` operator returns:
- `1`, if the value is `NULL`.
- `0` otherwise.
- For other values, the `IS NULL` operator always returns `0`.
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
2019-09-23 15:31:46 +00:00
```sql
SELECT x+100 FROM t_null WHERE y IS NULL
```
```text
┌─plus(x, 100)─┐
│ 101 │
└──────────────┘
```
### IS NOT NULL
WIP on docs (#3813) * CLICKHOUSE-4063: less manual html @ index.md * CLICKHOUSE-4063: recommend markdown="1" in README.md * CLICKHOUSE-4003: manually purge custom.css for now * CLICKHOUSE-4064: expand <details> before any print (including to pdf) * CLICKHOUSE-3927: rearrange interfaces/formats.md a bit * CLICKHOUSE-3306: add few http headers * Remove copy-paste introduced in #3392 * Hopefully better chinese fonts #3392 * get rid of tabs @ custom.css * Apply comments and patch from #3384 * Add jdbc.md to ToC and some translation, though it still looks badly incomplete * minor punctuation * Add some backlinks to official website from mirrors that just blindly take markdown sources * Do not make fonts extra light * find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's//g' {} * find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's/ sql/g' {} * Remove outdated stuff from roadmap.md * Not so light font on front page too * Refactor Chinese formats.md to match recent changes in other languages * Update some links on front page * Remove some outdated comment * Add twitter link to front page * More front page links tuning * Add Amsterdam meetup link * Smaller font to avoid second line * Add Amsterdam link to README.md * Proper docs nav translation * Back to 300 font-weight except Chinese * fix docs build * Update Amsterdam link * remove symlinks * more zh punctuation * apply lost comment by @zhang2014 * Apply comments by @zhang2014 from #3417 * Remove Beijing link * rm incorrect symlink * restore content of docs/zh/operations/table_engines/index.md * CLICKHOUSE-3751: stem terms while searching docs * CLICKHOUSE-3751: use English stemmer in non-English docs too * CLICKHOUSE-4135 fix * Remove past meetup link * Add blog link to top nav * Add ContentSquare article link * Add form link to front page + refactor some texts * couple markup fixes * minor * Introduce basic ODBC driver page in docs * More verbose 3rd party libs disclaimer * Put third-party stuff into a separate folder * Separate third-party stuff in ToC too * Update links * Move stuff that is not really (only) a client library into a separate page * Add clickhouse-hdfs-loader link * Some introduction for "interfaces" section * Rewrite tcp.md * http_interface.md -> http.md * fix link * Remove unconvenient error for now * try to guess anchor instead of failing * remove symlink * Remove outdated info from introduction * remove ru roadmap.md * replace ru roadmap.md with symlink * Update roadmap.md * lost file * Title case in toc_en.yml * Sync "Functions" ToC section with en * Remove reference to pretty old ClickHouse release from docs * couple lost symlinks in fa * Close quote in proper place * Rewrite en/getting_started/index.md * Sync en<>ru getting_started/index.md * minor changes * Some gui.md refactoring * Translate DataGrip section to ru * Translate DataGrip section to zh * Translate DataGrip section to fa * Translate DBeaver section to fa * Translate DBeaver section to zh * Split third-party GUI to open-source and commercial * Mention some RDBMS integrations + ad-hoc translation fixes * Add rel="external nofollow" to outgoing links from docs * Lost blank lines * Fix class name * More rel="external nofollow" * Apply suggestions by @sundy-li * Mobile version of front page improvements * test * test 2 * test 3 * Update LICENSE * minor docs fix * Highlight current article as suggested by @sundy-li * fix link destination * Introduce backup.md (only "en" for now) * Mention INSERT+SELECT in backup.md * Some improvements for replication.md * Add backup.md to toc * Mention clickhouse-backup tool * Mention LightHouse in third-party GUI list * Introduce interfaces/third-party/proxy.md * Add clickhouse-bulk to proxy.md * Major extension of integrations.md contents * fix link target * remove unneeded file * better toc item name * fix markdown * better ru punctuation * Add yet another possible backup approach * Simplify copying permalinks to headers * Support non-eng link anchors in docs + update some deps * Generate anchors for single-page mode automatically * Remove anchors to top of pages * Remove anchors that nobody links to * build fixes * fix few links * restore css * fix some links * restore gifs * fix lost words * more docs fixes * docs fixes * NULL anchor * update urllib3 dependency * more fixes
2018-12-12 17:28:00 +00:00
- For [Nullable](../data_types/nullable.md) type values, the `IS NOT NULL` operator returns:
- `0`, if the value is `NULL`.
- `1` otherwise.
- For other values, the `IS NOT NULL` operator always returns `1`.
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
2019-09-23 15:31:46 +00:00
```sql
SELECT * FROM t_null WHERE y IS NOT NULL
```
```text
┌─x─┬─y─┐
│ 2 │ 3 │
└───┴───┘
```
2020-01-30 10:34:55 +00:00
[Original article](https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/query_language/operators/) <!--hide-->