ClickHouse/dbms/src/AggregateFunctions/AggregateFunctionSequenceMatch.h

#pragma once

#include <AggregateFunctions/IAggregateFunction.h>
#include <DataTypes/DataTypeDateTime.h>
#include <DataTypes/DataTypesNumber.h>
#include <Columns/ColumnsNumber.h>
#include <ext/range.h>
#include <Common/PODArray.h>
#include <Common/typeid_cast.h>
#include <IO/ReadHelpers.h>
#include <IO/WriteHelpers.h>
#include <bitset>
#include <stack>


namespace DB
{

namespace ErrorCodes
{
    extern const int TOO_SLOW;
    extern const int TOO_LESS_ARGUMENTS_FOR_FUNCTION;
    extern const int TOO_MUCH_ARGUMENTS_FOR_FUNCTION;
    extern const int SYNTAX_ERROR;
    extern const int BAD_ARGUMENTS;
    extern const int LOGICAL_ERROR;
}

/// helper type for comparing `std::pair`s using solely the .first member
template <template <typename> class Comparator>
struct ComparePairFirst final
{
    template <typename T1, typename T2>
    bool operator()(const std::pair<T1, T2> & lhs, const std::pair<T1, T2> & rhs) const
    {
        return Comparator<T1>{}(lhs.first, rhs.first);
    }
};

struct AggregateFunctionSequenceMatchData final
{
    static constexpr auto max_events = 32;

    using Timestamp = std::uint32_t;
    using Events = std::bitset<max_events>;
    using TimestampEvents = std::pair<Timestamp, Events>;
    using Comparator = ComparePairFirst<std::less>;

    bool sorted = true;
    static constexpr size_t bytes_in_arena = 64;
    PODArray<TimestampEvents, bytes_in_arena, AllocatorWithStackMemory<Allocator<false>, bytes_in_arena>> events_list;

    void add(const Timestamp timestamp, const Events & events)
    {
        /// store information exclusively for rows with at least one event
        if (events.any())
        {
            events_list.emplace_back(timestamp, events);
            sorted = false;
        }
    }

    void merge(const AggregateFunctionSequenceMatchData & other)
    {
        const auto size = events_list.size();

        events_list.insert(std::begin(other.events_list), std::end(other.events_list));

        /// either sort whole container or do so partially merging ranges afterwards
        if (!sorted && !other.sorted)
            std::sort(std::begin(events_list), std::end(events_list), Comparator{});
        else
        {
            const auto begin = std::begin(events_list);
            const auto middle = std::next(begin, size);
            const auto end = std::end(events_list);

            if (!sorted)
                std::sort(begin, middle, Comparator{});

            if (!other.sorted)
                std::sort(middle, end, Comparator{});

            std::inplace_merge(begin, middle, end, Comparator{});
        }

        sorted = true;
    }

    void sort()
    {
        if (!sorted)
        {
            std::sort(std::begin(events_list), std::end(events_list), Comparator{});
            sorted = true;
        }
    }

    void serialize(WriteBuffer & buf) const
    {
        writeBinary(sorted, buf);
        writeBinary(events_list.size(), buf);

        for (const auto & events : events_list)
        {
            writeBinary(events.first, buf);
            writeBinary(events.second.to_ulong(), buf);
        }
    }

    void deserialize(ReadBuffer & buf)
    {
        readBinary(sorted, buf);

        size_t size;
        readBinary(size, buf);

        events_list.clear();
        events_list.reserve(size);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
        {
            std::uint32_t timestamp;
            readBinary(timestamp, buf);

            UInt64 events;
            readBinary(events, buf);

            events_list.emplace_back(timestamp, Events{events});
        }
    }
};


/// Max number of iterations to match the pattern against a sequence, exception thrown when exceeded
constexpr auto sequence_match_max_iterations = 1000000;


template <typename Derived>
class AggregateFunctionSequenceBase : public IAggregateFunctionDataHelper<AggregateFunctionSequenceMatchData, Derived>
{
public:
    AggregateFunctionSequenceBase(const DataTypes & arguments, const String & pattern)
        : pattern(pattern)
    {
        arg_count = arguments.size();

        if (!sufficientArgs(arg_count))
            throw Exception{"Aggregate function " + derived().getName() + " requires at least 3 arguments.",
                ErrorCodes::TOO_LESS_ARGUMENTS_FOR_FUNCTION};

        if (arg_count - 1 > AggregateFunctionSequenceMatchData::max_events)
            throw Exception{"Aggregate function " + derived().getName() + " supports up to " +
                    toString(AggregateFunctionSequenceMatchData::max_events) + " event arguments.",
                ErrorCodes::TOO_MUCH_ARGUMENTS_FOR_FUNCTION};

        const auto time_arg = arguments.front().get();
        if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeDateTime *>(time_arg))
            throw Exception{"Illegal type " + time_arg->getName() + " of first argument of aggregate function "
                    + derived().getName() + ", must be DateTime",
                ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT};

        for (const auto i : ext::range(1, arg_count))
        {
            const auto cond_arg = arguments[i].get();
            if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeUInt8 *>(cond_arg))
                throw Exception{"Illegal type " + cond_arg->getName() + " of argument " + toString(i + 1) +
                        " of aggregate function " + derived().getName() + ", must be UInt8",
                    ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT};
        }

        parsePattern();
    }

    void add(AggregateDataPtr place, const IColumn ** columns, const size_t row_num, Arena *) const override
    {
        const auto timestamp = static_cast<const ColumnUInt32 *>(columns[0])->getData()[row_num];

        AggregateFunctionSequenceMatchData::Events events;
        for (const auto i : ext::range(1, arg_count))
        {
            const auto event = static_cast<const ColumnUInt8 *>(columns[i])->getData()[row_num];
            events.set(i - 1, event);
        }

        this->data(place).add(timestamp, events);
    }

    void merge(AggregateDataPtr place, ConstAggregateDataPtr rhs, Arena *) const override
    {
        this->data(place).merge(this->data(rhs));
    }

    void serialize(ConstAggregateDataPtr place, WriteBuffer & buf) const override
    {
        this->data(place).serialize(buf);
    }

    void deserialize(AggregateDataPtr place, ReadBuffer & buf, Arena *) const override
    {
        this->data(place).deserialize(buf);
    }

    const char * getHeaderFilePath() const override { return __FILE__; }

private:
    enum class PatternActionType
    {
        SpecificEvent,
        AnyEvent,
        KleeneStar,
        TimeLessOrEqual,
        TimeLess,
        TimeGreaterOrEqual,
        TimeGreater
    };

    struct PatternAction final
    {
        PatternActionType type;
        std::uint32_t extra;

        PatternAction() = default;
        PatternAction(const PatternActionType type, const std::uint32_t extra = 0) : type{type}, extra{extra} {}
    };

    static constexpr size_t bytes_on_stack = 64;
    using PatternActions = PODArray<PatternAction, bytes_on_stack, AllocatorWithStackMemory<Allocator<false>, bytes_on_stack>>;

    static bool sufficientArgs(const size_t arg_count) { return arg_count >= 3; }

    Derived & derived() { return static_cast<Derived &>(*this); }

    void parsePattern()
    {
        actions.clear();
        actions.emplace_back(PatternActionType::KleeneStar);

        const char * pos = pattern.data();
        const char * begin = pos;
        const char * end = pos + pattern.size();

        auto throw_exception = [&](const std::string & msg)
        {
            throw Exception{
                msg + " '" + std::string(pos, end) + "' at position " + toString(pos - begin),
                ErrorCodes::SYNTAX_ERROR};
        };

        auto match = [&pos, end](const char * str) mutable
        {
            size_t length = strlen(str);
            if (pos + length <= end && 0 == memcmp(pos, str, length))
            {
                pos += length;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        };

        while (pos < end)
        {
            if (match("(?"))
            {
                if (match("t"))
                {
                    PatternActionType type;

                    if (match("<="))
                        type = PatternActionType::TimeLessOrEqual;
                    else if (match("<"))
                        type = PatternActionType::TimeLess;
                    else if (match(">="))
                        type = PatternActionType::TimeGreaterOrEqual;
                    else if (match(">"))
                        type = PatternActionType::TimeGreater;
                    else
                        throw_exception("Unknown time condition");

                    UInt64 duration = 0;
                    auto prev_pos = pos;
                    pos = tryReadIntText(duration, pos, end);
                    if (pos == prev_pos)
                        throw_exception("Could not parse number");

                    if (actions.back().type != PatternActionType::SpecificEvent &&
                        actions.back().type != PatternActionType::AnyEvent &&
                        actions.back().type != PatternActionType::KleeneStar)
                        throw Exception{
                            "Temporal condition should be preceeded by an event condition",
                            ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS};

                    actions.emplace_back(type, duration);
                }
                else
                {
                    UInt64 event_number = 0;
                    auto prev_pos = pos;
                    pos = tryReadIntText(event_number, pos, end);
                    if (pos == prev_pos)
                        throw_exception("Could not parse number");

                    if (event_number > arg_count - 1)
                        throw Exception{
                            "Event number " + toString(event_number) + " is out of range",
                            ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS};

                    actions.emplace_back(PatternActionType::SpecificEvent, event_number - 1);
                }

                if (!match(")"))
                    throw_exception("Expected closing parenthesis, found");

            }
            else if (match(".*"))
                actions.emplace_back(PatternActionType::KleeneStar);
            else if (match("."))
                actions.emplace_back(PatternActionType::AnyEvent);
            else
                throw_exception("Could not parse pattern, unexpected starting symbol");
        }
    }

protected:
    template <typename T>
    bool match(T & events_it, const T events_end) const
    {
        const auto action_begin = std::begin(actions);
        const auto action_end = std::end(actions);
        auto action_it = action_begin;

        const auto events_begin = events_it;
        auto base_it = events_it;

        /// an iterator to action plus an iterator to row in events list plus timestamp at the start of sequence
        using backtrack_info = std::tuple<decltype(action_it), T, T>;
        std::stack<backtrack_info> back_stack;

        /// backtrack if possible
        const auto do_backtrack = [&]
        {
            while (!back_stack.empty())
            {
                auto & top = back_stack.top();

                action_it = std::get<0>(top);
                events_it = std::next(std::get<1>(top));
                base_it = std::get<2>(top);

                back_stack.pop();

                if (events_it != events_end)
                    return true;
            }

            return false;
        };

        size_t i = 0;
        while (action_it != action_end && events_it != events_end)
        {
            if (action_it->type == PatternActionType::SpecificEvent)
            {
                if (events_it->second.test(action_it->extra))
                {
                    /// move to the next action and events
                    base_it = events_it;
                    ++action_it, ++events_it;
                }
                else if (!do_backtrack())
                    /// backtracking failed, bail out
                    break;
            }
            else if (action_it->type == PatternActionType::AnyEvent)
            {
                base_it = events_it;
                ++action_it, ++events_it;
            }
            else if (action_it->type == PatternActionType::KleeneStar)
            {
                back_stack.emplace(action_it, events_it, base_it);
                base_it = events_it;
                ++action_it;
            }
            else if (action_it->type == PatternActionType::TimeLessOrEqual)
            {
                if (events_it->first - base_it->first <= action_it->extra)
                {
                    /// condition satisfied, move onto next action
                    back_stack.emplace(action_it, events_it, base_it);
                    base_it = events_it;
                    ++action_it;
                }
                else if (!do_backtrack())
                    break;
            }
            else if (action_it->type == PatternActionType::TimeLess)
            {
                if (events_it->first - base_it->first < action_it->extra)
                {
                    back_stack.emplace(action_it, events_it, base_it);
                    base_it = events_it;
                    ++action_it;
                }
                else if (!do_backtrack())
                    break;
            }
            else if (action_it->type == PatternActionType::TimeGreaterOrEqual)
            {
                if (events_it->first - base_it->first >= action_it->extra)
                {
                    back_stack.emplace(action_it, events_it, base_it);
                    base_it = events_it;
                    ++action_it;
                }
                else if (++events_it == events_end && !do_backtrack())
                    break;
            }
            else if (action_it->type == PatternActionType::TimeGreater)
            {
                if (events_it->first - base_it->first > action_it->extra)
                {
                    back_stack.emplace(action_it, events_it, base_it);
                    base_it = events_it;
                    ++action_it;
                }
                else if (++events_it == events_end && !do_backtrack())
                    break;
            }
            else
                throw Exception{
                    "Unknown PatternActionType",
                    ErrorCodes::LOGICAL_ERROR};

            if (++i > sequence_match_max_iterations)
                throw Exception{
                    "Pattern application proves too difficult, exceeding max iterations (" + toString(sequence_match_max_iterations) + ")",
                    ErrorCodes::TOO_SLOW};
        }

        /// if there are some actions remaining
        if (action_it != action_end)
        {
            /// match multiple empty strings at end
            while (action_it->type == PatternActionType::KleeneStar ||
                   action_it->type == PatternActionType::TimeLessOrEqual ||
                   action_it->type == PatternActionType::TimeLess ||
                   (action_it->type == PatternActionType::TimeGreaterOrEqual && action_it->extra == 0))
                ++action_it;
        }

        if (events_it == events_begin)
            ++events_it;

        return action_it == action_end;
    }

private:
    std::string pattern;
    size_t arg_count;
    PatternActions actions;
};


class AggregateFunctionSequenceMatch final : public AggregateFunctionSequenceBase<AggregateFunctionSequenceMatch>
{
public:
    using AggregateFunctionSequenceBase<AggregateFunctionSequenceMatch>::AggregateFunctionSequenceBase;

    String getName() const override { return "sequenceMatch"; }

    DataTypePtr getReturnType() const override { return std::make_shared<DataTypeUInt8>(); }

    void insertResultInto(ConstAggregateDataPtr place, IColumn & to) const override
    {
        const_cast<Data &>(data(place)).sort();

        const auto & data_ref = data(place);

        const auto events_begin = std::begin(data_ref.events_list);
        const auto events_end = std::end(data_ref.events_list);
        auto events_it = events_begin;

        static_cast<ColumnUInt8 &>(to).getData().push_back(match(events_it, events_end));
    }
};


class AggregateFunctionSequenceCount final : public AggregateFunctionSequenceBase<AggregateFunctionSequenceCount>
{
public:
    using AggregateFunctionSequenceBase<AggregateFunctionSequenceCount>::AggregateFunctionSequenceBase;

    String getName() const override { return "sequenceCount"; }

    DataTypePtr getReturnType() const override { return std::make_shared<DataTypeUInt64>(); }

    void insertResultInto(ConstAggregateDataPtr place, IColumn & to) const override
    {
        const_cast<Data &>(data(place)).sort();
        static_cast<ColumnUInt64 &>(to).getData().push_back(count(place));
    }

private:
    UInt64 count(const ConstAggregateDataPtr & place) const
    {
        const auto & data_ref = data(place);

        const auto events_begin = std::begin(data_ref.events_list);
        const auto events_end = std::end(data_ref.events_list);
        auto events_it = events_begin;

        size_t count = 0;
        while (events_it != events_end && match(events_it, events_end))
            ++count;

        return count;
    }
};

}