ClickHouse/docs/en/engines/table_engines/mergetree_family/collapsingmergetree.md

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---
toc_priority: 36
toc_title: CollapsingMergeTree
---
# Collapsingmergetree {#table_engine-collapsingmergetree}
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WIP on docs (#3813) * CLICKHOUSE-4063: less manual html @ index.md * CLICKHOUSE-4063: recommend markdown="1" in README.md * CLICKHOUSE-4003: manually purge custom.css for now * CLICKHOUSE-4064: expand <details> before any print (including to pdf) * CLICKHOUSE-3927: rearrange interfaces/formats.md a bit * CLICKHOUSE-3306: add few http headers * Remove copy-paste introduced in #3392 * Hopefully better chinese fonts #3392 * get rid of tabs @ custom.css * Apply comments and patch from #3384 * Add jdbc.md to ToC and some translation, though it still looks badly incomplete * minor punctuation * Add some backlinks to official website from mirrors that just blindly take markdown sources * Do not make fonts extra light * find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's//g' {} * find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's/ sql/g' {} * Remove outdated stuff from roadmap.md * Not so light font on front page too * Refactor Chinese formats.md to match recent changes in other languages * Update some links on front page * Remove some outdated comment * Add twitter link to front page * More front page links tuning * Add Amsterdam meetup link * Smaller font to avoid second line * Add Amsterdam link to README.md * Proper docs nav translation * Back to 300 font-weight except Chinese * fix docs build * Update Amsterdam link * remove symlinks * more zh punctuation * apply lost comment by @zhang2014 * Apply comments by @zhang2014 from #3417 * Remove Beijing link * rm incorrect symlink * restore content of docs/zh/operations/table_engines/index.md * CLICKHOUSE-3751: stem terms while searching docs * CLICKHOUSE-3751: use English stemmer in non-English docs too * CLICKHOUSE-4135 fix * Remove past meetup link * Add blog link to top nav * Add ContentSquare article link * Add form link to front page + refactor some texts * couple markup fixes * minor * Introduce basic ODBC driver page in docs * More verbose 3rd party libs disclaimer * Put third-party stuff into a separate folder * Separate third-party stuff in ToC too * Update links * Move stuff that is not really (only) a client library into a separate page * Add clickhouse-hdfs-loader link * Some introduction for "interfaces" section * Rewrite tcp.md * http_interface.md -> http.md * fix link * Remove unconvenient error for now * try to guess anchor instead of failing * remove symlink * Remove outdated info from introduction * remove ru roadmap.md * replace ru roadmap.md with symlink * Update roadmap.md * lost file * Title case in toc_en.yml * Sync "Functions" ToC section with en * Remove reference to pretty old ClickHouse release from docs * couple lost symlinks in fa * Close quote in proper place * Rewrite en/getting_started/index.md * Sync en<>ru getting_started/index.md * minor changes * Some gui.md refactoring * Translate DataGrip section to ru * Translate DataGrip section to zh * Translate DataGrip section to fa * Translate DBeaver section to fa * Translate DBeaver section to zh * Split third-party GUI to open-source and commercial * Mention some RDBMS integrations + ad-hoc translation fixes * Add rel="external nofollow" to outgoing links from docs * Lost blank lines * Fix class name * More rel="external nofollow" * Apply suggestions by @sundy-li * Mobile version of front page improvements * test * test 2 * test 3 * Update LICENSE * minor docs fix * Highlight current article as suggested by @sundy-li * fix link destination * Introduce backup.md (only "en" for now) * Mention INSERT+SELECT in backup.md * Some improvements for replication.md * Add backup.md to toc * Mention clickhouse-backup tool * Mention LightHouse in third-party GUI list * Introduce interfaces/third-party/proxy.md * Add clickhouse-bulk to proxy.md * Major extension of integrations.md contents * fix link target * remove unneeded file * better toc item name * fix markdown * better ru punctuation * Add yet another possible backup approach * Simplify copying permalinks to headers * Support non-eng link anchors in docs + update some deps * Generate anchors for single-page mode automatically * Remove anchors to top of pages * Remove anchors that nobody links to * build fixes * fix few links * restore css * fix some links * restore gifs * fix lost words * more docs fixes * docs fixes * NULL anchor * update urllib3 dependency * more fixes
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The engine inherits from [MergeTree](mergetree.md) and adds the logic of rows collapsing to data parts merge algorithm.
`CollapsingMergeTree` asynchronously deletes (collapses) pairs of rows if all of the fields in a sorting key (`ORDER BY`) are equivalent excepting the particular field `Sign` which can have `1` and `-1` values. Rows without a pair are kept. For more details see the [Collapsing](#table_engine-collapsingmergetree-collapsing) section of the document.
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The engine may significantly reduce the volume of storage and increase the efficiency of `SELECT` query as a consequence.
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## Creating a Table {#creating-a-table}
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``` sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name [ON CLUSTER cluster]
(
name1 [type1] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr1],
name2 [type2] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr2],
...
) ENGINE = CollapsingMergeTree(sign)
[PARTITION BY expr]
[ORDER BY expr]
[SAMPLE BY expr]
[SETTINGS name=value, ...]
```
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For a description of query parameters, see [query description](../../../sql_reference/statements/create.md).
**CollapsingMergeTree Parameters**
- `sign` — Name of the column with the type of row: `1` is a “state” row, `-1` is a “cancel” row.
Column data type — `Int8`.
**Query clauses**
When creating a `CollapsingMergeTree` table, the same [query clauses](mergetree.md#table_engine-mergetree-creating-a-table) are required, as when creating a `MergeTree` table.
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<details markdown="1">
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<summary>Deprecated Method for Creating a Table</summary>
!!! attention "Attention"
Do not use this method in new projects and, if possible, switch the old projects to the method described above.
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``` sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name [ON CLUSTER cluster]
(
name1 [type1] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr1],
name2 [type2] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr2],
...
) ENGINE [=] CollapsingMergeTree(date-column [, sampling_expression], (primary, key), index_granularity, sign)
```
All of the parameters excepting `sign` have the same meaning as in `MergeTree`.
- `sign` — Name of the column with the type of row: `1` — “state” row, `-1` — “cancel” row.
Column Data Type — `Int8`.
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</details>
## Collapsing {#table_engine-collapsingmergetree-collapsing}
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### Data {#data}
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Consider the situation where you need to save continually changing data for some object. It sounds logical to have one row for an object and update it at any change, but update operation is expensive and slow for DBMS because it requires rewriting of the data in the storage. If you need to write data quickly, update not acceptable, but you can write the changes of an object sequentially as follows.
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Use the particular column `Sign`. If `Sign = 1` it means that the row is a state of an object, lets call it “state” row. If `Sign = -1` it means the cancellation of the state of an object with the same attributes, lets call it “cancel” row.
For example, we want to calculate how much pages users checked at some site and how long they were there. At some moment we write the following row with the state of user activity:
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
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At some moment later we register the change of user activity and write it with the following two rows.
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ -1 │
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
The first row cancels the previous state of the object (user). It should copy the sorting key fields of the cancelled state excepting `Sign`.
The second row contains the current state.
As we need only the last state of user activity, the rows
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ 1 │
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ -1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
can be deleted collapsing the invalid (old) state of an object. `CollapsingMergeTree` does this while merging of the data parts.
Why we need 2 rows for each change read in the [Algorithm](#table_engine-collapsingmergetree-collapsing-algorithm) paragraph.
**Peculiar properties of such approach**
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1. The program that writes the data should remember the state of an object to be able to cancel it. “Cancel” string should contain copies of the sorting key fields of the “state” string and the opposite `Sign`. It increases the initial size of storage but allows to write the data quickly.
2. Long growing arrays in columns reduce the efficiency of the engine due to load for writing. The more straightforward data, the higher the efficiency.
3. The `SELECT` results depend strongly on the consistency of object changes history. Be accurate when preparing data for inserting. You can get unpredictable results in inconsistent data, for example, negative values for non-negative metrics such as session depth.
### Algorithm {#table_engine-collapsingmergetree-collapsing-algorithm}
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When ClickHouse merges data parts, each group of consecutive rows with the same sorting key (`ORDER BY`) is reduced to not more than two rows, one with `Sign = 1` (“state” row) and another with `Sign = -1` (“cancel” row). In other words, entries collapse.
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For each resulting data part ClickHouse saves:
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1. The first “cancel” and the last “state” rows, if the number of “state” and “cancel” rows matches and the last row is a “state” row.
2. The last “state” row, if there are more “state” rows than “cancel” rows.
3. The first “cancel” row, if there are more “cancel” rows than “state” rows.
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4. None of the rows, in all other cases.
Also when there are at least 2 more “state” rows than “cancel” rows, or at least 2 more “cancel” rows then “state” rows, the merge continues, but ClickHouse treats this situation as a logical error and records it in the server log. This error can occur if the same data were inserted more than once.
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Thus, collapsing should not change the results of calculating statistics.
Changes gradually collapsed so that in the end only the last state of almost every object left.
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The `Sign` is required because the merging algorithm doesnt guarantee that all of the rows with the same sorting key will be in the same resulting data part and even on the same physical server. ClickHouse process `SELECT` queries with multiple threads, and it can not predict the order of rows in the result. The aggregation is required if there is a need to get completely “collapsed” data from `CollapsingMergeTree` table.
To finalize collapsing, write a query with `GROUP BY` clause and aggregate functions that account for the sign. For example, to calculate quantity, use `sum(Sign)` instead of `count()`. To calculate the sum of something, use `sum(Sign * x)` instead of `sum(x)`, and so on, and also add `HAVING sum(Sign) > 0`.
The aggregates `count`, `sum` and `avg` could be calculated this way. The aggregate `uniq` could be calculated if an object has at least one state not collapsed. The aggregates `min` and `max` could not be calculated because `CollapsingMergeTree` does not save the values history of the collapsed states.
If you need to extract data without aggregation (for example, to check whether rows are present whose newest values match certain conditions), you can use the `FINAL` modifier for the `FROM` clause. This approach is significantly less efficient.
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## Example Of Use {#example-of-use}
Example data:
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ 1 │
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ -1 │
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
Creation of the table:
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``` sql
CREATE TABLE UAct
(
UserID UInt64,
PageViews UInt8,
Duration UInt8,
Sign Int8
)
ENGINE = CollapsingMergeTree(Sign)
ORDER BY UserID
```
Insertion of the data:
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``` sql
INSERT INTO UAct VALUES (4324182021466249494, 5, 146, 1)
```
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``` sql
INSERT INTO UAct VALUES (4324182021466249494, 5, 146, -1),(4324182021466249494, 6, 185, 1)
```
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We use two `INSERT` queries to create two different data parts. If we insert the data with one query ClickHouse creates one data part and will not perform any merge ever.
Getting the data:
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``` sql
SELECT * FROM UAct
```
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ -1 │
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
What do we see and where is collapsing?
With two `INSERT` queries, we created 2 data parts. The `SELECT` query was performed in 2 threads, and we got a random order of rows. Collapsing not occurred because there was no merge of the data parts yet. ClickHouse merges data part in an unknown moment which we can not predict.
Thus we need aggregation:
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``` sql
SELECT
UserID,
sum(PageViews * Sign) AS PageViews,
sum(Duration * Sign) AS Duration
FROM UAct
GROUP BY UserID
HAVING sum(Sign) > 0
```
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┘
```
If we do not need aggregation and want to force collapsing, we can use `FINAL` modifier for `FROM` clause.
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``` sql
SELECT * FROM UAct FINAL
```
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
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This way of selecting the data is very inefficient. Dont use it for big tables.
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## Example Of Another Approach {#example-of-another-approach}
Example data:
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 5 │ 146 │ 1 │
│ 4324182021466249494 │ -5 │ -146 │ -1 │
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
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The idea is that merges take into account only key fields. And in the “Cancel” line we can specify negative values that equalize the previous version of the row when summing without using the Sign column. For this approach, it is necessary to change the data type `PageViews`,`Duration` to store negative values of UInt8 -\> Int16.
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``` sql
CREATE TABLE UAct
(
UserID UInt64,
PageViews Int16,
Duration Int16,
Sign Int8
)
ENGINE = CollapsingMergeTree(Sign)
ORDER BY UserID
```
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Lets test the approach:
``` sql
insert into UAct values(4324182021466249494, 5, 146, 1);
insert into UAct values(4324182021466249494, -5, -146, -1);
insert into UAct values(4324182021466249494, 6, 185, 1);
select * from UAct final; // avoid using final in production (just for a test or small tables)
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
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```
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``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
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```
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``` sql
SELECT
UserID,
sum(PageViews) AS PageViews,
sum(Duration) AS Duration
FROM UAct
GROUP BY UserID
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
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```text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┘
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
2019-09-23 15:31:46 +00:00
```
2020-03-20 10:10:48 +00:00
``` sqk
select count() FROM UAct
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
2019-09-23 15:31:46 +00:00
```
2020-03-20 10:10:48 +00:00
``` text
┌─count()─┐
│ 3 │
└─────────┘
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
2019-09-23 15:31:46 +00:00
```
2020-03-20 10:10:48 +00:00
``` sql
optimize table UAct final;
select * FROM UAct
DOCAPI-8530: Code blocks markup fix (#7060) * Typo fix. * Links fix. * Fixed links in docs. * More fixes. * docs/en: cleaning some files * docs/en: cleaning data_types * docs/en: cleaning database_engines * docs/en: cleaning development * docs/en: cleaning getting_started * docs/en: cleaning interfaces * docs/en: cleaning operations * docs/en: cleaning query_lamguage * docs/en: cleaning en * docs/ru: cleaning data_types * docs/ru: cleaning index * docs/ru: cleaning database_engines * docs/ru: cleaning development * docs/ru: cleaning general * docs/ru: cleaning getting_started * docs/ru: cleaning interfaces * docs/ru: cleaning operations * docs/ru: cleaning query_language * docs: cleaning interfaces/http * Update docs/en/data_types/array.md decorated ``` Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/nyc_taxi.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/getting_started/example_datasets/ontime.md fixed typo Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/interfaces/formats.md fixed error Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/custom_partitioning_key.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/dicts/external_dicts_dict_sources.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/utils/clickhouse-local.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/json_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/other_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/query_language/functions/date_time_functions.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * Update docs/en/operations/table_engines/jdbc.md Co-Authored-By: BayoNet <da-daos@yandex.ru> * docs: fixed error * docs: fixed error
2019-09-23 15:31:46 +00:00
```
2020-03-20 10:10:48 +00:00
``` text
┌──────────────UserID─┬─PageViews─┬─Duration─┬─Sign─┐
│ 4324182021466249494 │ 6 │ 185 │ 1 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────┘
```
2020-01-30 10:34:55 +00:00
[Original article](https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/operations/table_engines/collapsingmergetree/) <!--hide-->