2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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# 操作符 {#cao-zuo-fu}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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所有的操作符(运算符)都会在查询时依据他们的优先级及其结合顺序在被解析时转换为对应的函数。下面按优先级从高到低列出各组运算符及其对应的函数:
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 下标运算符 {#xia-biao-yun-suan-fu}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a[N]` – 数组中的第N个元素; 对应函数 `arrayElement(a, N)`
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`a.N` – 元组中第N个元素; 对应函数 `tupleElement(a, N)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 负号 {#fu-hao}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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`-a` – 对应函数 `negate(a)`
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 乘号、除号和取余 {#cheng-hao-chu-hao-he-qu-yu}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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`a * b` – 对应函数 `multiply(a, b)`
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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`a / b` – 对应函数 `divide(a, b)`
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a % b` – 对应函数 `modulo(a, b)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 加号和减号 {#jia-hao-he-jian-hao}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a + b` – 对应函数 `plus(a, b)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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`a - b` – 对应函数 `minus(a, b)`
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 关系运算符 {#guan-xi-yun-suan-fu}
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a = b` – 对应函数 `equals(a, b)`
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`a == b` – 对应函数 `equals(a, b)`
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`a != b` – 对应函数 `notEquals(a, b)`
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`a <> b` – 对应函数 `notEquals(a, b)`
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`a <= b` – 对应函数 `lessOrEquals(a, b)`
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`a >= b` – 对应函数 `greaterOrEquals(a, b)`
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`a < b` – 对应函数 `less(a, b)`
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`a > b` – 对应函数 `greater(a, b)`
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`a LIKE s` – 对应函数 `like(a, b)`
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`a NOT LIKE s` – 对应函数 `notLike(a, b)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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`a BETWEEN b AND c` – 等价于 `a >= b AND a <= c`
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 集合关系运算符 {#ji-he-guan-xi-yun-suan-fu}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-05-15 04:34:54 +00:00
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*详见此节 [IN 相关操作符](in.md#select-in-operators) 。*
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a IN ...` – 对应函数 `in(a, b)`
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`a NOT IN ...` – 对应函数 `notIn(a, b)`
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`a GLOBAL IN ...` – 对应函数 `globalIn(a, b)`
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`a GLOBAL NOT IN ...` – 对应函数 `globalNotIn(a, b)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 逻辑非 {#luo-ji-fei}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`NOT a` – 对应函数 `not(a)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 逻辑与 {#luo-ji-yu}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a AND b` – 对应函数`and(a, b)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 逻辑或 {#luo-ji-huo}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a OR b` – 对应函数 `or(a, b)`
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 条件运算符 {#tiao-jian-yun-suan-fu}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`a ? b : c` – 对应函数 `if(a, b, c)`
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注意:
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2020-05-15 04:34:54 +00:00
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条件运算符会先计算表达式b和表达式c的值,再根据表达式a的真假,返回相应的值。如果表达式b和表达式c是 [arrayJoin()](../../sql-reference/functions/array-join.md#functions_arrayjoin) 函数,则不管表达式a是真是假,每行都会被复制展开。
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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## 使用日期和时间的操作员 {#operators-datetime}
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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### EXTRACT {#operator-extract}
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` sql
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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EXTRACT(part FROM date);
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```
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2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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从给定日期中提取部件。 例如,您可以从给定日期检索一个月,或从时间检索一秒钟。
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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该 `part` 参数指定要检索的日期部分。 以下值可用:
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-03-21 04:11:51 +00:00
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- `DAY` — The day of the month. Possible values: 1–31.
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- `MONTH` — The number of a month. Possible values: 1–12.
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- `YEAR` — The year.
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- `SECOND` — The second. Possible values: 0–59.
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- `MINUTE` — The minute. Possible values: 0–59.
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- `HOUR` — The hour. Possible values: 0–23.
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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该 `part` 参数不区分大小写。
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-05-15 04:34:54 +00:00
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该 `date` 参数指定要处理的日期或时间。 无论是 [日期](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) 或 [日期时间](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) 支持类型。
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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例:
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` sql
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
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SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
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SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
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```
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|
2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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在下面的例子中,我们创建一个表,并在其中插入一个值 `DateTime` 类型。
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` sql
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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CREATE TABLE test.Orders
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(
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OrderId UInt64,
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OrderName String,
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OrderDate DateTime
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)
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ENGINE = Log;
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```
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` sql
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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INSERT INTO test.Orders VALUES (1, 'Jarlsberg Cheese', toDateTime('2008-10-11 13:23:44'));
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```
|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` sql
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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SELECT
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toYear(OrderDate) AS OrderYear,
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toMonth(OrderDate) AS OrderMonth,
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toDayOfMonth(OrderDate) AS OrderDay,
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toHour(OrderDate) AS OrderHour,
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toMinute(OrderDate) AS OrderMinute,
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toSecond(OrderDate) AS OrderSecond
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FROM test.Orders;
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```
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` text
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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┌─OrderYear─┬─OrderMonth─┬─OrderDay─┬─OrderHour─┬─OrderMinute─┬─OrderSecond─┐
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│ 2008 │ 10 │ 11 │ 13 │ 23 │ 44 │
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└───────────┴────────────┴──────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘
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```
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|
2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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你可以看到更多的例子 [测试](https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/blob/master/tests/queries/0_stateless/00619_extract.sql).
|
2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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### INTERVAL {#operator-interval}
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|
2020-05-15 04:34:54 +00:00
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创建一个 [间隔](../../sql-reference/operators/index.md)-应在算术运算中使用的类型值 [日期](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) 和 [日期时间](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md)-类型值。
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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示例:
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` sql
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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SELECT now() AS current_date_time, current_date_time + INTERVAL 4 DAY + INTERVAL 3 HOUR
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```
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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``` text
|
2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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┌───current_date_time─┬─plus(plus(now(), toIntervalDay(4)), toIntervalHour(3))─┐
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│ 2019-10-23 11:16:28 │ 2019-10-27 14:16:28 │
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└─────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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2020-04-08 14:22:25 +00:00
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**另请参阅**
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2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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|
2020-05-15 04:34:54 +00:00
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- [间隔](../../sql-reference/operators/index.md) 数据类型
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- [toInterval](../../sql-reference/operators/index.md#function-tointerval) 类型转换函数
|
2019-11-06 12:14:41 +00:00
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2020-03-22 09:14:59 +00:00
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## CASE条件表达式 {#operator_case}
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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``` sql
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CASE [x]
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WHEN a THEN b
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[WHEN ... THEN ...]
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[ELSE c]
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END
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```
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如果指定了 `x` ,该表达式会转换为 `transform(x, [a, ...], [b, ...], c)` 函数。否则转换为 `multiIf(a, b, ..., c)`
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如果该表达式中没有 `ELSE c` 子句,则默认值就是 `NULL`
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但 `transform` 函数不支持 `NULL` <!-- If `x` is NULL, return NULL; if `c` is NULL, work fine. -->
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 连接运算符 {#lian-jie-yun-suan-fu}
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`s1 || s2` – 对应函数 `concat(s1, s2)`
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 创建 Lambda 函数 {#chuang-jian-lambda-han-shu}
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`x -> expr` – 对应函数 `lambda(x, expr)`
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接下来的这些操作符因为其本身是括号没有优先级:
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 创建数组 {#chuang-jian-shu-zu}
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`[x1, ...]` – 对应函数 `array(x1, ...)`
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 创建元组 {#chuang-jian-yuan-zu}
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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`(x1, x2, ...)` – 对应函数 `tuple(x2, x2, ...)`
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 结合方式 {#jie-he-fang-shi}
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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所有的同级操作符从左到右结合。例如, `1 + 2 + 3` 会转换成 `plus(plus(1, 2), 3)`。
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所以,有时他们会跟我们预期的不太一样。例如, `SELECT 4 > 2 > 3` 的结果是0。
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为了高效, `and` 和 `or` 函数支持任意多参数,一连串的 `AND` 和 `OR` 运算符会转换成其对应的单个函数。
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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## 判断是否为 `NULL` {#pan-duan-shi-fou-wei-null}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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ClickHouse 支持 `IS NULL` 和 `IS NOT NULL` 。
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### IS NULL {#operator-is-null}
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|
2020-05-15 04:34:54 +00:00
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- 对于 [可为空](../../sql-reference/operators/index.md) 类型的值, `IS NULL` 会返回:
|
2020-03-21 04:11:51 +00:00
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- `1` 值为 `NULL`
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- `0` 否则
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- 对于其他类型的值, `IS NULL` 总会返回 `0`
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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<!-- -->
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``` bash
|
2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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:) SELECT x+100 FROM t_null WHERE y IS NULL
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SELECT x + 100
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FROM t_null
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WHERE isNull(y)
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|
┌─plus(x, 100)─┐
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│ 101 │
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└──────────────┘
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1 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
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|
```
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|
2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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### IS NOT NULL {#is-not-null}
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-05-15 04:34:54 +00:00
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- 对于 [可为空](../../sql-reference/operators/index.md) 类型的值, `IS NOT NULL` 会返回:
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2020-03-21 04:11:51 +00:00
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- `0` 值为 `NULL`
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- `1` 否则
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- 对于其他类型的值,`IS NOT NULL` 总会返回 `1`
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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2020-03-20 18:20:59 +00:00
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<!-- -->
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``` bash
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2019-03-22 05:55:47 +00:00
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:) SELECT * FROM t_null WHERE y IS NOT NULL
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SELECT *
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FROM t_null
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WHERE isNotNull(y)
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┌─x─┬─y─┐
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│ 2 │ 3 │
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└───┴───┘
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1 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
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```
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2020-01-30 10:34:55 +00:00
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[来源文章](https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/query_language/operators/) <!--hide-->
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