ClickHouse/dbms/include/DB/AggregateFunctions/UniquesHashSet.h

#pragma once

#include <math.h>

#include <common/Common.h>

#include <DB/IO/WriteBuffer.h>
#include <DB/IO/WriteHelpers.h>
#include <DB/IO/ReadBuffer.h>
#include <DB/IO/ReadHelpers.h>
#include <DB/IO/VarInt.h>

#include <DB/Common/HashTable/HashTableAllocator.h>
#include <DB/Common/HashTable/Hash.h>


/** Approximate calculation of anything, as a rule, is constructed according to the following scheme:
  * - some data structure is used to calculate the value of X;
  * - Not all values are added to the data structure, but only selected ones (according to some selectivity criteria);
  * - after processing all elements, the data structure is in some state S;
  * - as an approximate value of X, the value calculated according to the maximum likelihood principle is returned:
  *   at what real value X, the probability of finding the data structure in the obtained state S is maximal.
  */

/** In particular, what is described below can be found by the name of the BJKST algorithm.
  */

/** Very simple hash-set for approximate number of unique values.
  * Works like this:
  * - you can insert UInt64;
  * - before insertion, first the hash function UInt64 -> UInt32 is calculated;
  * - the original value is not saved (lost);
  * - further all operations are made with these hashes;
  * - hash table is constructed according to the scheme:
  * -  open addressing (one buffer, position in buffer is calculated by taking remainder of division by its size);
  * -  linear probing (if the cell already has a value, then the cell following it is taken, etc.);
  * -  the missing value is zero-encoded; to remember presence of zero in set, separate variable of type bool is used;
  * -  buffer growth by 2 times when filling more than 50%;
  * - if the set has more UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE elements, then all the elements are removed from the set,
  *   not divisible by 2, and then all elements that do not divide by 2 are not inserted into the set;
  * - if the situation repeats, then only elements dividing by 4, etc., are taken.
  * - the size() method returns an approximate number of elements that have been inserted into the set;
  * - there are methods for quick reading and writing in binary and text form.
  */

/// The maximum degree of buffer size before the values are discarded
#define UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE_DEGREE 			17

/// The maximum number of elements before the values are discarded
#define UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE 					(1 << (UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE_DEGREE - 1))

/** The number of least significant bits used for thinning. The remaining high-order bits are used to determine the position in the hash table.
  * (high-order bits are taken because the younger bits will be constant after dropping some of the values)
  */
#define UNIQUES_HASH_BITS_FOR_SKIP 			(32 - UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE_DEGREE)

/// Initial buffer size degree
#define UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE 	4


/** This hash function is not the most optimal, but UniquesHashSet states counted with it,
  * stored in many places on disks (in the Meter), so it continues to be used.
  */
struct UniquesHashSetDefaultHash
{
	size_t operator() (UInt64 x) const
	{
		return intHash32<0>(x);
	}
};


template <typename Hash = UniquesHashSetDefaultHash>
class UniquesHashSet : private HashTableAllocatorWithStackMemory<(1 << UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE) * sizeof(UInt32)>
{
private:
	using Value_t = UInt64;
	using HashValue_t = UInt32;
	using Allocator = HashTableAllocatorWithStackMemory<(1 << UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE) * sizeof(UInt32)>;

	UInt32 m_size;			/// Number of elements
	UInt8 size_degree;		/// The size of the table as a power of 2
    UInt8 skip_degree;      /// Skip elements not divisible by 2 ^ skip_degree
    bool has_zero;          /// The hash table contains an element with a hash value of 0.

	HashValue_t * buf;

#ifdef UNIQUES_HASH_SET_COUNT_COLLISIONS
	/// For profiling.
	mutable size_t collisions;
#endif

	void alloc(UInt8 new_size_degree)
	{
		buf = reinterpret_cast<HashValue_t *>(Allocator::alloc((1 << new_size_degree) * sizeof(buf[0])));
		size_degree = new_size_degree;
	}

	void free()
	{
		if (buf)
		{
			Allocator::free(buf, buf_size() * sizeof(buf[0]));
			buf = nullptr;
		}
	}

	inline size_t buf_size() const						{ return 1 << size_degree; }
	inline size_t max_fill() const						{ return 1 << (size_degree - 1); }
	inline size_t mask() const							{ return buf_size() - 1; }
	inline size_t place(HashValue_t x) const 			{ return (x >> UNIQUES_HASH_BITS_FOR_SKIP) & mask(); }

	/// The value is divided by 2 ^ skip_degree
	inline bool good(HashValue_t hash) const
	{
		return hash == ((hash >> skip_degree) << skip_degree);
	}

	HashValue_t hash(Value_t key) const
	{
		return Hash()(key);
	}

	/// Delete all values whose hashes do not divide by 2 ^ skip_degree
	void rehash()
	{
		for (size_t i = 0; i < buf_size(); ++i)
		{
			if (buf[i] && !good(buf[i]))
			{
				buf[i] = 0;
				--m_size;
			}
		}

        /** After removing the elements, there may have been room for items,
		  * which were placed further than necessary, due to a collision.
		  * You need to move them.
		  */
		for (size_t i = 0; i < buf_size(); ++i)
		{
			if (unlikely(buf[i] && i != place(buf[i])))
			{
				HashValue_t x = buf[i];
				buf[i] = 0;
				reinsertImpl(x);
			}
		}
	}

	/// Increase the size of the buffer 2 times or up to new_size_degree, if it is non-zero.
	void resize(size_t new_size_degree = 0)
	{
		size_t old_size = buf_size();

		if (!new_size_degree)
			new_size_degree = size_degree + 1;

		/// Expand the space.
		buf = reinterpret_cast<HashValue_t *>(Allocator::realloc(buf, old_size * sizeof(buf[0]), (1 << new_size_degree) * sizeof(buf[0])));
		size_degree = new_size_degree;

		/** Now some items may need to be moved to a new location.
		  * The element can stay in place, or move to a new location "on the right",
		  * or move to the left of the collision resolution chain, because the elements to the left of it have been moved to the new "right" location.
		  * There is also a special case
		  *    if the element was to be at the end of the old buffer,                        [        x]
          *    but is at the beginning because of the collision resolution chain,            [o       x]
          *    then after resizing, it will first be out of place again,                     [        xo        ]
          *    and in order to transfer it to where you need it,
          *    will have to be after transferring all elements from the old half             [         o   x    ]
          *    process another tail from the collision resolution chain immediately after it [        o    x    ]
          * This is why || buf[i] below.
		  */
		for (size_t i = 0; i < old_size || buf[i]; ++i)
		{
			HashValue_t x = buf[i];
			if (!x)
				continue;

			size_t place_value = place(x);

			/// The element is in its place.
			if (place_value == i)
				continue;

			while (buf[place_value] && buf[place_value] != x)
			{
				++place_value;
				place_value &= mask();

#ifdef UNIQUES_HASH_SET_COUNT_COLLISIONS
				++collisions;
#endif
			}

			/// The element remained in its place.
			if (buf[place_value] == x)
				continue;

			buf[place_value] = x;
			buf[i] = 0;
		}
	}

	/// Insert a value.
	void insertImpl(HashValue_t x)
	{
		if (x == 0)
		{
			m_size += !has_zero;
			has_zero = true;
			return;
		}

		size_t place_value = place(x);
		while (buf[place_value] && buf[place_value] != x)
		{
			++place_value;
			place_value &= mask();

#ifdef UNIQUES_HASH_SET_COUNT_COLLISIONS
			++collisions;
#endif
		}

		if (buf[place_value] == x)
			return;

		buf[place_value] = x;
		++m_size;
	}

    /** Insert a value into the new buffer that was in the old buffer.
      * Used when increasing the size of the buffer, as well as when reading from a file.
	  */
	void reinsertImpl(HashValue_t x)
	{
		size_t place_value = place(x);
		while (buf[place_value])
		{
			++place_value;
			place_value &= mask();

#ifdef UNIQUES_HASH_SET_COUNT_COLLISIONS
			++collisions;
#endif
		}

		buf[place_value] = x;
	}

	/** If the hash table is full enough, then do resize.
      * If there are too many items, then throw half the pieces until they are small enough.
	  */
	void shrinkIfNeed()
	{
		if (unlikely(m_size > max_fill()))
		{
			if (m_size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
			{
				while (m_size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
				{
					++skip_degree;
					rehash();
				}
			}
			else
				resize();
		}
	}


public:
	UniquesHashSet() :
		m_size(0),
		skip_degree(0),
		has_zero(false)
	{
		alloc(UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE);
#ifdef UNIQUES_HASH_SET_COUNT_COLLISIONS
		collisions = 0;
#endif
	}

	UniquesHashSet(const UniquesHashSet & rhs)
		: m_size(rhs.m_size), skip_degree(rhs.skip_degree), has_zero(rhs.has_zero)
	{
		alloc(rhs.size_degree);
		memcpy(buf, rhs.buf, buf_size() * sizeof(buf[0]));
	}

	UniquesHashSet & operator= (const UniquesHashSet & rhs)
	{
		if (size_degree != rhs.size_degree)
		{
			free();
			alloc(rhs.size_degree);
		}

		m_size = rhs.m_size;
		skip_degree = rhs.skip_degree;
		has_zero = rhs.has_zero;

		memcpy(buf, rhs.buf, buf_size() * sizeof(buf[0]));

		return *this;
	}

	~UniquesHashSet()
	{
		free();
	}

	void insert(Value_t x)
	{
		HashValue_t hash_value = hash(x);
		if (!good(hash_value))
			return;

		insertImpl(hash_value);
		shrinkIfNeed();
	}

	size_t size() const
	{
		if (0 == skip_degree)
			return m_size;

		size_t res = m_size * (1 << skip_degree);

        /** Pseudo-random remainder - in order to be not visible,
          * that the number is divided by the power of two.
		  */
		res += (intHashCRC32(m_size) & ((1 << skip_degree) - 1));

		/** Correction of a systematic error due to collisions during hashing in UInt32.
		  * `fixed_res(res)` formula
		  * - with how many different elements of fixed_res,
		  *   when randomly scattered across 2^32 baskets,
          *   filled baskets with average of res is obtained.
		  */
		size_t p32 = 1ULL << 32;
		size_t fixed_res = round(p32 * (log(p32) - log(p32 - res)));
		return fixed_res;
	}

	void merge(const UniquesHashSet & rhs)
	{
		if (rhs.skip_degree > skip_degree)
		{
			skip_degree = rhs.skip_degree;
			rehash();
		}

		if (!has_zero && rhs.has_zero)
		{
			has_zero = true;
			++m_size;
			shrinkIfNeed();
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < rhs.buf_size(); ++i)
		{
			if (rhs.buf[i] && good(rhs.buf[i]))
			{
				insertImpl(rhs.buf[i]);
				shrinkIfNeed();
			}
		}
	}

	void write(DB::WriteBuffer & wb) const
	{
		if (m_size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
			throw Poco::Exception("Cannot write UniquesHashSet: too large size_degree.");

		DB::writeIntBinary(skip_degree, wb);
		DB::writeVarUInt(m_size, wb);

		if (has_zero)
		{
			HashValue_t x = 0;
			DB::writeIntBinary(x, wb);
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < buf_size(); ++i)
			if (buf[i])
				DB::writeIntBinary(buf[i], wb);
	}

	void read(DB::ReadBuffer & rb)
	{
		has_zero = false;

		DB::readIntBinary(skip_degree, rb);
		DB::readVarUInt(m_size, rb);

		if (m_size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
			throw Poco::Exception("Cannot read UniquesHashSet: too large size_degree.");

		free();

		UInt8 new_size_degree = m_size <= 1
			 ? UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE
			 : std::max(UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE, static_cast<int>(log2(m_size - 1)) + 2);

		alloc(new_size_degree);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
		{
			HashValue_t x = 0;
			DB::readIntBinary(x, rb);
			if (x == 0)
				has_zero = true;
			else
				reinsertImpl(x);
		}
	}

	void readAndMerge(DB::ReadBuffer & rb)
	{
		UInt8 rhs_skip_degree = 0;
		DB::readIntBinary(rhs_skip_degree, rb);

		if (rhs_skip_degree > skip_degree)
		{
			skip_degree = rhs_skip_degree;
			rehash();
		}

		size_t rhs_size = 0;
		DB::readVarUInt(rhs_size, rb);

		if (rhs_size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
			throw Poco::Exception("Cannot read UniquesHashSet: too large size_degree.");

		if ((1U << size_degree) < rhs_size)
		{
			UInt8 new_size_degree = std::max(UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE, static_cast<int>(log2(rhs_size - 1)) + 2);
			resize(new_size_degree);
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < rhs_size; ++i)
		{
			HashValue_t x = 0;
			DB::readIntBinary(x, rb);
			insertHash(x);
		}
	}

	static void skip(DB::ReadBuffer & rb)
	{
		size_t size = 0;

		rb.ignore();
		DB::readVarUInt(size, rb);

		if (size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
			throw Poco::Exception("Cannot read UniquesHashSet: too large size_degree.");

		rb.ignore(sizeof(HashValue_t) * size);
	}

	void writeText(DB::WriteBuffer & wb) const
	{
		if (m_size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
			throw Poco::Exception("Cannot write UniquesHashSet: too large size_degree.");

		DB::writeIntText(skip_degree, wb);
		wb.write(",", 1);
		DB::writeIntText(m_size, wb);

		if (has_zero)
			wb.write(",0", 2);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < buf_size(); ++i)
		{
			if (buf[i])
			{
				wb.write(",", 1);
				DB::writeIntText(buf[i], wb);
			}
		}
	}

	void readText(DB::ReadBuffer & rb)
	{
		has_zero = false;

		DB::readIntText(skip_degree, rb);
		DB::assertChar(',', rb);
		DB::readIntText(m_size, rb);

		if (m_size > UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE)
			throw Poco::Exception("Cannot read UniquesHashSet: too large size_degree.");

		free();

		UInt8 new_size_degree = m_size <= 1
			 ? UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE
			 : std::max(UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE, static_cast<int>(log2(m_size - 1)) + 2);

		alloc(new_size_degree);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
		{
			HashValue_t x = 0;
			DB::assertChar(',', rb);
			DB::readIntText(x, rb);
			if (x == 0)
				has_zero = true;
			else
				reinsertImpl(x);
		}
	}

	void insertHash(HashValue_t hash_value)
	{
		if (!good(hash_value))
			return;

		insertImpl(hash_value);
		shrinkIfNeed();
	}

#ifdef UNIQUES_HASH_SET_COUNT_COLLISIONS
	size_t getCollisions() const
	{
		return collisions;
	}
#endif
};


#undef UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE_DEGREE
#undef UNIQUES_HASH_MAX_SIZE
#undef UNIQUES_HASH_BITS_FOR_SKIP
#undef UNIQUES_HASH_SET_INITIAL_SIZE_DEGREE