Operators, refactoring

Added operators, tupleHammingDistance has been refactored

src/Functions/FunctionBinaryArithmetic.h

@@ -645,6 +645,36 @@ class FunctionBinaryArithmetic : public IFunction
         return FunctionFactory::instance().get(function_name, context);
     }
 
+    static FunctionOverloadResolverPtr
+    getFunctionForTupleArithmetic(const DataTypePtr & type0, const DataTypePtr & type1, ContextPtr context)
+    {
+        std::cout << "Into getFunctionForTupleArithmetic" << std::endl;
+        if (!isTuple(type0) || !isTuple(type1))
+            return {};
+
+        /// Special case when the function is plus, minus or multiply, both arguments are tuples.
+        /// We construct another function (example: tuplePlus) and call it.
+
+        if constexpr (!is_plus && !is_minus && !is_multiply)
+            return {};
+
+        std::string function_name;
+        if (is_plus)
+        {
+            function_name = "tuplePlus";
+        }
+        else if (is_minus)
+        {
+            function_name = "tupleMinus";
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            function_name = "tupleMultiply";
+        }
+
+        return FunctionFactory::instance().get(function_name, context);
+    }
+
     static bool isAggregateMultiply(const DataTypePtr & type0, const DataTypePtr & type1)
     {
         if constexpr (!is_multiply)
@@ -999,6 +1029,20 @@ public:
             return function->getResultType();
         }
 
+        /// Special case when the function is plus, minus or multiply, both arguments are tuples.
+        if (auto function_builder = getFunctionForTupleArithmetic(arguments[0], arguments[1], context))
+        {
+            std::cerr << "Tuple op" << std::endl;
+            ColumnsWithTypeAndName new_arguments(2);
+
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
+                new_arguments[i].type = arguments[i];
+
+            auto function = function_builder->build(new_arguments);
+            return function->getResultType();
+        }
+
+        std::cerr << "Wow, it's here!" << std::endl;
         DataTypePtr type_res;
 
         const bool valid = castBothTypes(arguments[0].get(), arguments[1].get(), [&](const auto & left, const auto & right)
@@ -1270,6 +1314,13 @@ public:
             return executeDateTimeIntervalPlusMinus(arguments, result_type, input_rows_count, function_builder);
         }
 
+        /// Special case when the function is plus, minus or multiply, both arguments are tuples.
+        if (auto function_builder
+            = getFunctionForTupleArithmetic(arguments[0].type, arguments[1].type, context))
+        {
+            return function_builder->build(arguments)->execute(arguments, result_type, input_rows_count);
+        }
+
         const auto & left_argument = arguments[0];
         const auto & right_argument = arguments[1];
         const auto * const left_generic = left_argument.type.get();

src/Functions/IsOperation.h

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 namespace DB
 {
 
-/// These classes should be present in DB namespace (cannot place them into nemelesspace)
+/// These classes should be present in DB namespace (cannot place them into namelesspace)
 template <typename> struct AbsImpl;
 template <typename> struct NegateImpl;
 template <typename, typename> struct PlusImpl;

src/Functions/TupleIFunction.h

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include <Functions/IFunction.h>
+
+namespace DB
+{
+class TupleIFunction : public IFunction
+{
+public:
+    Columns getTupleElements(const IColumn & column) const
+    {
+        if (const auto * const_column = typeid_cast<const ColumnConst *>(&column))
+            return convertConstTupleToConstantElements(*const_column);
+
+        if (const auto * column_tuple = typeid_cast<const ColumnTuple *>(&column))
+        {
+            Columns columns(column_tuple->tupleSize());
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < columns.size(); ++i)
+                columns[i] = column_tuple->getColumnPtr(i);
+            return columns;
+        }
+
+        throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
+                        getName(), column.getName());
+    }
+};
+}

src/Functions/registerFunctionsMath.cpp

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ void registerFunctionAcosh(FunctionFactory & factory);
 void registerFunctionAtanh(FunctionFactory & factory);
 void registerFunctionPow(FunctionFactory & factory);
 void registerFunctionSign(FunctionFactory & factory);
+void registerVectorFunctions(FunctionFactory &);
 
 
 void registerFunctionsMath(FunctionFactory & factory)
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ void registerFunctionsMath(FunctionFactory & factory)
     registerFunctionAtanh(factory);
     registerFunctionPow(factory);
     registerFunctionSign(factory);
+    registerVectorFunctions(factory);
 }
 
 }

src/Functions/tupleHammingDistance.cpp

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <DataTypes/DataTypesNumber.h>
 #include <Functions/FunctionFactory.h>
 #include <Functions/FunctionHelpers.h>
-#include <Functions/IFunction.h>
+#include <Functions/TupleIFunction.h>
 #include <Functions/castTypeToEither.h>
 
 namespace DB
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@ namespace ErrorCodes
 
 /// tupleHammingDistance function: (Tuple(...), Tuple(...))-> N
 /// Return the number of non-equal tuple elements
-class FunctionTupleHammingDistance : public IFunction
+class FunctionTupleHammingDistance : public TupleIFunction
 {
 private:
     ContextPtr context;
 
 public:
     static constexpr auto name = "tupleHammingDistance";
-    using ResultType = UInt8;
 
     explicit FunctionTupleHammingDistance(ContextPtr context_) : context(context_) {}
     static FunctionPtr create(ContextPtr context) { return std::make_shared<FunctionTupleHammingDistance>(context); }
@@ -34,23 +33,6 @@ public:
 
     bool useDefaultImplementationForConstants() const override { return true; }
 
-    Columns getTupleElements(const IColumn & column) const
-    {
-        if (const auto * const_column = typeid_cast<const ColumnConst *>(&column))
-            return convertConstTupleToConstantElements(*const_column);
-
-        if (const auto * column_tuple = typeid_cast<const ColumnTuple *>(&column))
-        {
-            Columns columns(column_tuple->tupleSize());
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < columns.size(); ++i)
-                columns[i] = column_tuple->getColumnPtr(i);
-            return columns;
-        }
-
-        throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
-                        getName(), column.getName());
-    }
-
     DataTypePtr getReturnTypeImpl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName & arguments) const override
     {
         const auto * left_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[0].type.get());
@@ -85,7 +67,7 @@ public:
 
         auto compare = FunctionFactory::instance().get("notEquals", context);
         auto plus = FunctionFactory::instance().get("plus", context);
-        DataTypes types(tuple_size);
+        DataTypePtr res_type;
         for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
         {
             try
@@ -93,7 +75,17 @@ public:
                 ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements.empty() ? nullptr : left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
                 ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements.empty() ? nullptr : right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
                 auto elem_compare = compare->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
-                types[i] = elem_compare->getResultType();
+
+                if (i == 0)
+                {
+                    res_type = elem_compare->getResultType();
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName left_type{res_type, {}};
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName right_type{elem_compare->getResultType(), {}};
+                auto plus_elem = plus->build({left_type, right_type});
+                res_type = plus_elem->getResultType();
             }
             catch (DB::Exception & e)
             {
@@ -102,15 +94,6 @@ public:
             }
         }
 
-        auto res_type = types[0];
-        for (size_t i = 1; i < tuple_size; ++i)
-        {
-            ColumnWithTypeAndName left{res_type, {}};
-            ColumnWithTypeAndName right{types[i], {}};
-            auto plus_elem = plus->build({left, right});
-            res_type = plus_elem->getResultType();
-        }
-
         return res_type;
     }
 
@@ -129,24 +112,29 @@ public:
 
         auto compare = FunctionFactory::instance().get("notEquals", context);
         auto plus = FunctionFactory::instance().get("plus", context);
-        ColumnsWithTypeAndName columns(tuple_size);
+        ColumnWithTypeAndName res;
         for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
         {
             ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
             ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
             auto elem_compare = compare->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
-            columns[i].type = elem_compare->getResultType();
-            columns[i].column = elem_compare->execute({left, right}, columns[i].type, input_rows_count);
-        }
 
-        auto res = columns[0];
-        for (size_t i = 1; i < tuple_size; ++i)
+            ColumnWithTypeAndName column;
+            column.type = elem_compare->getResultType();
+            column.column = elem_compare->execute({left, right}, column.type, input_rows_count);
+
+            if (i == 0)
             {
-            auto plus_elem = plus->build({res, columns[i]});
+                res = std::move(column);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                auto plus_elem = plus->build({res, column});
                 auto res_type = plus_elem->getResultType();
-            res.column = plus_elem->execute({res, columns[i]}, res_type, input_rows_count);
+                res.column = plus_elem->execute({res, column}, res_type, input_rows_count);
                 res.type = res_type;
             }
+        }
 
         return res.column;
     }

src/Functions/vectorFunctions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+#include <Columns/ColumnTuple.h>
+#include <DataTypes/DataTypeTuple.h>
+#include <DataTypes/DataTypesNumber.h>
+#include <Functions/FunctionFactory.h>
+#include <Functions/FunctionHelpers.h>
+#include <Functions/TupleIFunction.h>
+#include <Functions/castTypeToEither.h>
+
+namespace DB
+{
+namespace ErrorCodes
+{
+extern const int ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT;
+}
+
+class FunctionTuplePlus : public TupleIFunction
+{
+private:
+    ContextPtr context;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto name = "tuplePlus";
+
+    explicit FunctionTuplePlus(ContextPtr context_) : context(context_) {}
+    static FunctionPtr create(ContextPtr context) { return std::make_shared<FunctionTuplePlus>(context); }
+
+    String getName() const override { return name; }
+
+    size_t getNumberOfArguments() const override { return 2; }
+
+    bool useDefaultImplementationForConstants() const override { return true; }
+
+    DataTypePtr getReturnTypeImpl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName & arguments) const override
+    {
+        const auto * left_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[0].type.get());
+        const auto * right_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[1].type.get());
+
+        if (!left_tuple)
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument 0 of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[0].type->getName());
+
+        if (!right_tuple)
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument 1 of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[1].type->getName());
+
+        const auto & left_types = left_tuple->getElements();
+        const auto & right_types = right_tuple->getElements();
+
+        Columns left_elements;
+        Columns right_elements;
+        if (arguments[0].column)
+            left_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[0].column);
+        if (arguments[1].column)
+            right_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[1].column);
+
+        if (left_types.size() != right_types.size())
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT,
+                            "Expected tuples of the same size as arguments of function {}. Got {} and {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[0].type->getName(), arguments[1].type->getName());
+
+        size_t tuple_size = left_types.size();
+        if (tuple_size == 0)
+            return std::make_shared<DataTypeUInt8>();
+
+        auto plus = FunctionFactory::instance().get("plus", context);
+        DataTypes types(tuple_size);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements.empty() ? nullptr : left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements.empty() ? nullptr : right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
+                auto elem_plus = plus->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
+                types[i] = elem_plus->getResultType();
+            }
+            catch (DB::Exception & e)
+            {
+                e.addMessage("While executing function {} for tuple element {}", getName(), i);
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return std::make_shared<DataTypeTuple>(types);
+    }
+
+    ColumnPtr executeImpl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName & arguments, const DataTypePtr &, size_t input_rows_count) const override
+    {
+        const auto * left_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[0].type.get());
+        const auto * right_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[1].type.get());
+        const auto & left_types = left_tuple->getElements();
+        const auto & right_types = right_tuple->getElements();
+        auto left_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[0].column);
+        auto right_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[1].column);
+
+        size_t tuple_size = left_elements.size();
+        if (tuple_size == 0)
+            return DataTypeUInt8().createColumnConstWithDefaultValue(input_rows_count);
+
+        auto plus = FunctionFactory::instance().get("plus", context);
+        Columns columns(tuple_size);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
+        {
+            ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
+            ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
+            auto elem_plus = plus->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
+            columns[i] = elem_plus->execute({left, right}, elem_plus->getResultType(), input_rows_count);
+        }
+
+        return ColumnTuple::create(columns);
+    }
+};
+
+class FunctionTupleMinus : public TupleIFunction
+{
+private:
+    ContextPtr context;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto name = "tupleMinus";
+
+    explicit FunctionTupleMinus(ContextPtr context_) : context(context_) {}
+    static FunctionPtr create(ContextPtr context) { return std::make_shared<FunctionTupleMinus>(context); }
+
+    String getName() const override { return name; }
+
+    size_t getNumberOfArguments() const override { return 2; }
+
+    bool useDefaultImplementationForConstants() const override { return true; }
+
+    DataTypePtr getReturnTypeImpl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName & arguments) const override
+    {
+        const auto * left_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[0].type.get());
+        const auto * right_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[1].type.get());
+
+        if (!left_tuple)
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument 0 of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[0].type->getName());
+
+        if (!right_tuple)
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument 1 of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[1].type->getName());
+
+        const auto & left_types = left_tuple->getElements();
+        const auto & right_types = right_tuple->getElements();
+
+        Columns left_elements;
+        Columns right_elements;
+        if (arguments[0].column)
+            left_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[0].column);
+        if (arguments[1].column)
+            right_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[1].column);
+
+        if (left_types.size() != right_types.size())
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT,
+                            "Expected tuples of the same size as arguments of function {}. Got {} and {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[0].type->getName(), arguments[1].type->getName());
+
+        size_t tuple_size = left_types.size();
+        if (tuple_size == 0)
+            return std::make_shared<DataTypeUInt8>();
+
+        auto minus = FunctionFactory::instance().get("minus", context);
+        DataTypes types(tuple_size);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements.empty() ? nullptr : left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements.empty() ? nullptr : right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
+                auto elem_minus = minus->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
+                types[i] = elem_minus->getResultType();
+            }
+            catch (DB::Exception & e)
+            {
+                e.addMessage("While executing function {} for tuple element {}", getName(), i);
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return std::make_shared<DataTypeTuple>(types);
+    }
+
+    ColumnPtr executeImpl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName & arguments, const DataTypePtr &, size_t input_rows_count) const override
+    {
+        const auto * left_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[0].type.get());
+        const auto * right_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[1].type.get());
+        const auto & left_types = left_tuple->getElements();
+        const auto & right_types = right_tuple->getElements();
+        auto left_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[0].column);
+        auto right_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[1].column);
+
+        size_t tuple_size = left_elements.size();
+        if (tuple_size == 0)
+            return DataTypeUInt8().createColumnConstWithDefaultValue(input_rows_count);
+
+        auto minus = FunctionFactory::instance().get("minus", context);
+        Columns columns(tuple_size);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
+        {
+            ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
+            ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
+            auto elem_minus = minus->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
+            columns[i] = elem_minus->execute({left, right}, elem_minus->getResultType(), input_rows_count);
+        }
+
+        return ColumnTuple::create(columns);
+    }
+};
+
+class FunctionTupleMultiply : public TupleIFunction
+{
+private:
+    ContextPtr context;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto name = "tupleMultiply";
+
+    explicit FunctionTupleMultiply(ContextPtr context_) : context(context_) {}
+    static FunctionPtr create(ContextPtr context) { return std::make_shared<FunctionTupleMultiply>(context); }
+
+    String getName() const override { return name; }
+
+    size_t getNumberOfArguments() const override { return 2; }
+
+    bool useDefaultImplementationForConstants() const override { return true; }
+
+    DataTypePtr getReturnTypeImpl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName & arguments) const override
+    {
+        const auto * left_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[0].type.get());
+        const auto * right_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[1].type.get());
+
+        if (!left_tuple)
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument 0 of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[0].type->getName());
+
+        if (!right_tuple)
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Argument 1 of function {} should be tuples, got {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[1].type->getName());
+
+        const auto & left_types = left_tuple->getElements();
+        const auto & right_types = right_tuple->getElements();
+
+        Columns left_elements;
+        Columns right_elements;
+        if (arguments[0].column)
+            left_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[0].column);
+        if (arguments[1].column)
+            right_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[1].column);
+
+        if (left_types.size() != right_types.size())
+            throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT,
+                            "Expected tuples of the same size as arguments of function {}. Got {} and {}",
+                            getName(), arguments[0].type->getName(), arguments[1].type->getName());
+
+        size_t tuple_size = left_types.size();
+        if (tuple_size == 0)
+            return std::make_shared<DataTypeUInt8>();
+
+        auto multiply = FunctionFactory::instance().get("multiply", context);
+        DataTypes types(tuple_size);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements.empty() ? nullptr : left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
+                ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements.empty() ? nullptr : right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
+                auto elem_multiply = multiply->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
+                types[i] = elem_multiply->getResultType();
+            }
+            catch (DB::Exception & e)
+            {
+                e.addMessage("While executing function {} for tuple element {}", getName(), i);
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return std::make_shared<DataTypeTuple>(types);
+    }
+
+    ColumnPtr executeImpl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName & arguments, const DataTypePtr &, size_t input_rows_count) const override
+    {
+        const auto * left_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[0].type.get());
+        const auto * right_tuple = checkAndGetDataType<DataTypeTuple>(arguments[1].type.get());
+        const auto & left_types = left_tuple->getElements();
+        const auto & right_types = right_tuple->getElements();
+        auto left_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[0].column);
+        auto right_elements = getTupleElements(*arguments[1].column);
+
+        size_t tuple_size = left_elements.size();
+        if (tuple_size == 0)
+            return DataTypeUInt8().createColumnConstWithDefaultValue(input_rows_count);
+
+        auto multiply = FunctionFactory::instance().get("multiply", context);
+        Columns columns(tuple_size);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tuple_size; ++i)
+        {
+            ColumnWithTypeAndName left{left_elements[i], left_types[i], {}};
+            ColumnWithTypeAndName right{right_elements[i], right_types[i], {}};
+            auto elem_multiply = multiply->build(ColumnsWithTypeAndName{left, right});
+            columns[i] = elem_multiply->execute({left, right}, elem_multiply->getResultType(), input_rows_count);
+        }
+
+        return ColumnTuple::create(columns);
+    }
+};
+
+void registerVectorFunctions(FunctionFactory & factory)
+{
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionTuplePlus>();
+    factory.registerAlias("vectorSum", FunctionTuplePlus::name, FunctionFactory::CaseInsensitive);
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionTupleMinus>();
+    factory.registerAlias("vectorDifference", FunctionTupleMinus::name, FunctionFactory::CaseInsensitive);
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionTupleMultiply>();
+
+    /*factory.registerFunction<FunctionL1Length>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionL1Distance>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionL1Norm>();
+
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionL2Length>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionL2Distance>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionL2Norm>();
+
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionLinfLength>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionLinfDistance>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionLinfNorm>();
+
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionLpLength>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionLpDistance>();
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionLpNorm>();
+
+    factory.registerFunction<FunctionCosineDistance>();*/
+}
+}

tests/queries/0_stateless/02011_tuple_vector_functions.reference

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+0
+1
+(10,3)
+(-1,0)
+(-23,-27)

tests/queries/0_stateless/02011_tuple_vector_functions.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+SELECT tupleHammingDistance(tuple(1), tuple(1));
+SELECT tupleHammingDistance(tuple(1, 3), tuple(1, 2));
+
+SELECT tuple(1, 2) + tuple(3, 4) * tuple(5, 1) - tuple(6, 3);
+SELECT vectorDifference(tuplePlus(tuple(1, 2), tuple(3, 4)), tuple(5, 6));
+SELECT tupleMinus(vectorSum(tupleMultiply(tuple(1, 2), tuple(3, 4)), tuple(5, 6)), tuple(31, 41));