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docs/en/sql-reference/functions/type-conversion-functions.md
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ClickHouse has the [same behavior as C++ programs](https://en.cppreference.com/w
## toInt(8\|16\|32\|64\|128\|256)
Converts an input value to the [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) data type. This function family includes:
Converts an input value to the [Int](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) data type. This function family includes:
- `toInt8(expr)` — Results in the `Int8` data type.
- `toInt16(expr)` — Results in the `Int16` data type.
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Converts an input value to the [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md)
**Arguments**
- `expr` — [Expression](../../sql-reference/syntax.md#syntax-expressions) returning a number or a string with the decimal representation of a number. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of numbers are not supported. Leading zeroes are stripped.
- `expr` — [Expression](/docs/en/sql-reference/syntax.md/#syntax-expressions) returning a number or a string with the decimal representation of a number. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of numbers are not supported. Leading zeroes are stripped.
**Returned value**
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Integer value in the `Int8`, `Int16`, `Int32`, `Int64`, `Int128` or `Int256` dat
Functions use [rounding towards zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_towards_zero), meaning they truncate fractional digits of numbers.
The behavior of functions for the [NaN and Inf](../../sql-reference/data-types/float.md#data_type-float-nan-inf) arguments is undefined. Remember about [numeric conversions issues](#numeric-conversion-issues), when using the functions.
The behavior of functions for the [NaN and Inf](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/float.md/#data_type-float-nan-inf) arguments is undefined. Remember about [numeric conversions issues](#numeric-conversion-issues), when using the functions.
**Example**
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Result:
## toUInt(8\|16\|32\|64\|256)
Converts an input value to the [UInt](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) data type. This function family includes:
Converts an input value to the [UInt](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) data type. This function family includes:
- `toUInt8(expr)` — Results in the `UInt8` data type.
- `toUInt16(expr)` — Results in the `UInt16` data type.
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Converts an input value to the [UInt](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md
**Arguments**
- `expr` — [Expression](../../sql-reference/syntax.md#syntax-expressions) returning a number or a string with the decimal representation of a number. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of numbers are not supported. Leading zeroes are stripped.
- `expr` — [Expression](/docs/en/sql-reference/syntax.md/#syntax-expressions) returning a number or a string with the decimal representation of a number. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of numbers are not supported. Leading zeroes are stripped.
**Returned value**
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Integer value in the `UInt8`, `UInt16`, `UInt32`, `UInt64` or `UInt256` data typ
Functions use [rounding towards zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_towards_zero), meaning they truncate fractional digits of numbers.
The behavior of functions for negative arguments and for the [NaN and Inf](../../sql-reference/data-types/float.md#data_type-float-nan-inf) arguments is undefined. If you pass a string with a negative number, for example `'-32'`, ClickHouse raises an exception. Remember about [numeric conversions issues](#numeric-conversion-issues), when using the functions.
The behavior of functions for negative arguments and for the [NaN and Inf](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/float.md/#data_type-float-nan-inf) arguments is undefined. If you pass a string with a negative number, for example `'-32'`, ClickHouse raises an exception. Remember about [numeric conversions issues](#numeric-conversion-issues), when using the functions.
**Example**
@ -169,46 +169,44 @@ Result:
Converts the argument to `Date` data type.
If the argument is `DateTime` or `DateTime64`, it truncates it, leaving the date component of the DateTime:
```
milovidov-desktop :) SELECT now() AS x, toDate(x)
```sql
SELECT
now() AS x,
toDate(x)
```
```response
┌───────────────────x─┬─toDate(now())─┐
│ 2022-12-30 13:44:17 │ 2022-12-30 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────────┘
```
If the argument is a string, it is parsed as Date or DateTime. If it was parsed as DateTime, the date component is being used:
```
milovidov-desktop :) SELECT toDate('2022-12-30') AS x, toTypeName(x)
```sql
SELECT
toDate('2022-12-30') AS x,
toTypeName(x)
```
```response
┌──────────x─┬─toTypeName(toDate('2022-12-30'))─┐
│ 2022-12-30 │ Date │
└────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
1 row in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
milovidov-desktop :) SELECT toDate('2022-12-30 01:02:03') AS x, toTypeName(x)
```
```sql
SELECT
toDate('2022-12-30 01:02:03') AS x,
toTypeName(x)
```
```response
┌──────────x─┬─toTypeName(toDate('2022-12-30 01:02:03'))─┐
│ 2022-12-30 │ Date │
└────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
If the argument is number and it looks like a unix timestamp (is greater than 65535), it is interpreted as a DateTime, then truncated to Date in the current timezone. The timezone argument can be specified as a second argument of the function. The truncation to Date depends on the timezone:
If the argument is a number and it looks like a UNIX timestamp (is greater than 65535), it is interpreted as a DateTime, then truncated to Date in the current timezone. The timezone argument can be specified as a second argument of the function. The truncation to Date depends on the timezone:
```
```sql
SELECT
now() AS current_time,
toUnixTimestamp(current_time) AS ts,
@ -218,9 +216,8 @@ SELECT
toDate(time_Samoa) AS date_Samoa,
toDate(ts) AS date_Amsterdam_2,
toDate(ts, 'Pacific/Apia') AS date_Samoa_2
Query id: edf430b5-b4b3-4dbf-bb5a-47daace05d13
```
```response
Row 1:
──────
current_time: 2022-12-30 13:51:54
@ -233,15 +230,14 @@ date_Amsterdam_2: 2022-12-30
date_Samoa_2: 2022-12-31
```
The example above demonstrates how the same unix timestamp can be interpreted as different dates in different time zones.
The example above demonstrates how the same UNIX timestamp can be interpreted as different dates in different time zones.
If the argument is number and it is smaller than 65536, it is interpreted as the number of days since 1970-01-01 (a unix day) and converted to Date. It corresponds the internal numeric representation of the `Date` data type. Example:
```
milovidov-desktop :) SELECT toDate(12345)
If the argument is a number and it is smaller than 65536, it is interpreted as the number of days since 1970-01-01 (a UNIX day) and converted to Date. It corresponds to the internal numeric representation of the `Date` data type. Example:
```sql
SELECT toDate(12345)
```
```response
┌─toDate(12345)─┐
│ 2003-10-20 │
└───────────────┘
@ -249,12 +245,11 @@ SELECT toDate(12345)
This conversion does not depend on timezones.
If the argument does not fit in the range of the Date type, it results in an implementation defined behavior, that can saturate to the maximum supported date or overflow:
```
milovidov-desktop :) SELECT toDate(1e10)
If the argument does not fit in the range of the Date type, it results in an implementation-defined behavior, that can saturate to the maximum supported date or overflow:
```sql
SELECT toDate(10000000000.)
```
```response
┌─toDate(10000000000.)─┐
│ 2106-02-07 │
└──────────────────────┘
@ -262,15 +257,14 @@ SELECT toDate(10000000000.)
The function `toDate` can be also written in alternative forms:
```
milovidov-desktop :) SELECT now() AS time, toDate(time), DATE(time), CAST(time AS Date)
```sql
SELECT
now() AS time,
toDate(time),
DATE(time),
CAST(time, 'Date')
```
```response
┌────────────────time─┬─toDate(now())─┬─DATE(now())─┬─CAST(now(), 'Date')─┐
│ 2022-12-30 13:54:58 │ 2022-12-30 │ 2022-12-30 │ 2022-12-30 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────────────┘
@ -294,7 +288,7 @@ Have a nice day working with dates and times.
## toDate32
Converts the argument to the [Date32](../../sql-reference/data-types/date32.md) data type. If the value is outside the range returns the border values supported by `Date32`. If the argument has [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) type, borders of `Date` are taken into account.
Converts the argument to the [Date32](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date32.md) data type. If the value is outside the range, `toDate32` returns the border values supported by `Date32`. If the argument has [Date](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date.md) type, borders of `Date` are taken into account.
**Syntax**
@ -304,13 +298,13 @@ toDate32(expr)
**Arguments**
- `expr` — The value. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md), [UInt32](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) or [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md).
- `expr` — The value. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md), [UInt32](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) or [Date](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date.md).
**Returned value**
- A calendar date.
Type: [Date32](../../sql-reference/data-types/date32.md).
Type: [Date32](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date32.md).
**Example**
@ -352,7 +346,7 @@ SELECT toDate32(toDate('1899-01-01')) AS value, toTypeName(value);
## toDate32OrZero
The same as [toDate32](#todate32) but returns the min value of [Date32](../../sql-reference/data-types/date32.md) if invalid argument is received.
The same as [toDate32](#todate32) but returns the min value of [Date32](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date32.md) if an invalid argument is received.
**Example**
@ -372,7 +366,7 @@ Result:
## toDate32OrNull
The same as [toDate32](#todate32) but returns `NULL` if invalid argument is received.
The same as [toDate32](#todate32) but returns `NULL` if an invalid argument is received.
**Example**
@ -392,7 +386,7 @@ Result:
## toDate32OrDefault
Converts the argument to the [Date32](../../sql-reference/data-types/date32.md) data type. If the value is outside the range returns the lower border value supported by `Date32`. If the argument has [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) type, borders of `Date` are taken into account. Returns default value if invalid argument is received.
Converts the argument to the [Date32](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date32.md) data type. If the value is outside the range, `toDate32OrDefault` returns the lower border value supported by `Date32`. If the argument has [Date](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date.md) type, borders of `Date` are taken into account. Returns default value if an invalid argument is received.
**Example**
@ -414,7 +408,7 @@ Result:
## toDateTime64
Converts the argument to the [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md) data type.
Converts the argument to the [DateTime64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md) data type.
**Syntax**
@ -424,7 +418,7 @@ toDateTime64(expr, scale, [timezone])
**Arguments**
- `expr` — The value. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md), [UInt32](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md), [Float](../../sql-reference/data-types/float.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
- `expr` — The value. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md), [UInt32](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md), [Float](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/float.md) or [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
- `scale` - Tick size (precision): 10<sup>-precision</sup> seconds. Valid range: [ 0 : 9 ].
- `timezone` - Time zone of the specified datetime64 object.
@ -432,7 +426,7 @@ toDateTime64(expr, scale, [timezone])
- A calendar date and time of day, with sub-second precision.
Type: [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
Type: [DateTime64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
**Example**
@ -488,7 +482,7 @@ SELECT toDateTime64('2019-01-01 00:00:00', 3, 'Asia/Istanbul') AS value, toTypeN
## toDecimal(32\|64\|128\|256)
Converts `value` to the [Decimal](../../sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type with precision of `S`. The `value` can be a number or a string. The `S` (scale) parameter specifies the number of decimal places.
Converts `value` to the [Decimal](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type with precision of `S`. The `value` can be a number or a string. The `S` (scale) parameter specifies the number of decimal places.
- `toDecimal32(value, S)`
- `toDecimal64(value, S)`
@ -497,7 +491,7 @@ Converts `value` to the [Decimal](../../sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) dat
## toDecimal(32\|64\|128\|256)OrNull
Converts an input string to a [Nullable(Decimal(P,S))](../../sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type value. This family of functions include:
Converts an input string to a [Nullable(Decimal(P,S))](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type value. This family of functions includes:
- `toDecimal32OrNull(expr, S)` — Results in `Nullable(Decimal32(S))` data type.
- `toDecimal64OrNull(expr, S)` — Results in `Nullable(Decimal64(S))` data type.
@ -508,7 +502,7 @@ These functions should be used instead of `toDecimal*()` functions, if you prefe
**Arguments**
- `expr` — [Expression](../../sql-reference/syntax.md#syntax-expressions), returns a value in the [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, `'1.111'`.
- `expr` — [Expression](/docs/en/sql-reference/syntax.md/#syntax-expressions), returns a value in the [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, `'1.111'`.
- `S` — Scale, the number of decimal places in the resulting value.
**Returned value**
@ -551,7 +545,7 @@ Result:
## toDecimal(32\|64\|128\|256)OrDefault
Converts an input string to a [Decimal(P,S)](../../sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type value. This family of functions include:
Converts an input string to a [Decimal(P,S)](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type value. This family of functions includes:
- `toDecimal32OrDefault(expr, S)` — Results in `Decimal32(S)` data type.
- `toDecimal64OrDefault(expr, S)` — Results in `Decimal64(S)` data type.
@ -562,7 +556,7 @@ These functions should be used instead of `toDecimal*()` functions, if you prefe
**Arguments**
- `expr` — [Expression](../../sql-reference/syntax.md#syntax-expressions), returns a value in the [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, `'1.111'`.
- `expr` — [Expression](/docs/en/sql-reference/syntax.md/#syntax-expressions), returns a value in the [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, `'1.111'`.
- `S` — Scale, the number of decimal places in the resulting value.
**Returned value**
@ -604,7 +598,7 @@ Result:
## toDecimal(32\|64\|128\|256)OrZero
Converts an input value to the [Decimal(P,S)](../../sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type. This family of functions include:
Converts an input value to the [Decimal(P,S)](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/decimal.md) data type. This family of functions includes:
- `toDecimal32OrZero( expr, S)` — Results in `Decimal32(S)` data type.
- `toDecimal64OrZero( expr, S)` — Results in `Decimal64(S)` data type.
@ -615,7 +609,7 @@ These functions should be used instead of `toDecimal*()` functions, if you prefe
**Arguments**
- `expr` — [Expression](../../sql-reference/syntax.md#syntax-expressions), returns a value in the [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, `'1.111'`.
- `expr` — [Expression](/docs/en/sql-reference/syntax.md/#syntax-expressions), returns a value in the [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, `'1.111'`.
- `S` — Scale, the number of decimal places in the resulting value.
**Returned value**
@ -674,7 +668,7 @@ YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
As an exception, if converting from UInt32, Int32, UInt64, or Int64 numeric types to Date, and if the number is greater than or equal to 65536, the number is interpreted as a Unix timestamp (and not as the number of days) and is rounded to the date. This allows support for the common occurrence of writing ‘toDate(unix_timestamp)’, which otherwise would be an error and would require writing the more cumbersome ‘toDate(toDateTime(unix_timestamp))’.
Conversion between a date and date with time is performed the natural way: by adding a null time or dropping the time.
Conversion between a date and a date with time is performed the natural way: by adding a null time or dropping the time.
Conversion between numeric types uses the same rules as assignments between different numeric types in C++.
@ -753,15 +747,15 @@ These functions accept a string and interpret the bytes placed at the beginning
## reinterpretAsString
This function accepts a number or date or date with time, and returns a string containing bytes representing the corresponding value in host order (little endian). Null bytes are dropped from the end. For example, a UInt32 type value of 255 is a string that is one byte long.
This function accepts a number or date or date with time and returns a string containing bytes representing the corresponding value in host order (little endian). Null bytes are dropped from the end. For example, a UInt32 type value of 255 is a string that is one byte long.
## reinterpretAsFixedString
This function accepts a number or date or date with time, and returns a FixedString containing bytes representing the corresponding value in host order (little endian). Null bytes are dropped from the end. For example, a UInt32 type value of 255 is a FixedString that is one byte long.
This function accepts a number or date or date with time and returns a FixedString containing bytes representing the corresponding value in host order (little endian). Null bytes are dropped from the end. For example, a UInt32 type value of 255 is a FixedString that is one byte long.
## reinterpretAsUUID
Accepts 16 bytes string and returns UUID containing bytes representing the corresponding value in network byte order (big-endian). If the string isn't long enough, the function works as if the string is padded with the necessary number of null bytes to the end. If the string longer than 16 bytes, the extra bytes at the end are ignored.
Accepts 16 bytes string and returns UUID containing bytes representing the corresponding value in network byte order (big-endian). If the string isn't long enough, the function works as if the string is padded with the necessary number of null bytes to the end. If the string is longer than 16 bytes, the extra bytes at the end are ignored.
**Syntax**
@ -771,11 +765,11 @@ reinterpretAsUUID(fixed_string)
**Arguments**
- `fixed_string` — Big-endian byte string. [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md#fixedstring).
- `fixed_string` — Big-endian byte string. [FixedString](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md/#fixedstring).
**Returned value**
- The UUID type value. [UUID](../../sql-reference/data-types/uuid.md#uuid-data-type).
- The UUID type value. [UUID](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/uuid.md/#uuid-data-type).
**Examples**
@ -828,7 +822,7 @@ reinterpret(x, type)
**Arguments**
- `x` — Any type.
- `type` — Destination type. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `type` — Destination type. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
**Returned value**
@ -867,7 +861,7 @@ x::t
**Arguments**
- `x` — A value to convert. May be of any type.
- `T` — The name of the target data type. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `T` — The name of the target data type. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `t` — The target data type.
**Returned value**
@ -916,9 +910,9 @@ Result:
└─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────┴─────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘
```
Conversion to FixedString(N) only works for arguments of type [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
Conversion to FixedString(N) only works for arguments of type [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
Type conversion to [Nullable](../../sql-reference/data-types/nullable.md) and back is supported.
Type conversion to [Nullable](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/nullable.md) and back is supported.
**Example**
@ -954,7 +948,7 @@ Result:
**See also**
- [cast_keep_nullable](../../operations/settings/settings.md#cast_keep_nullable) setting
- [cast_keep_nullable](/docs/en/operations/settings/settings.md/#cast_keep_nullable) setting
## accurateCast(x, T)
@ -992,7 +986,7 @@ Code: 70. DB::Exception: Received from localhost:9000. DB::Exception: Value in c
## accurateCastOrNull(x, T)
Converts input value `x` to the specified data type `T`. Always returns [Nullable](../../sql-reference/data-types/nullable.md) type and returns [NULL](../../sql-reference/syntax.md#null-literal) if the casted value is not representable in the target type.
Converts input value `x` to the specified data type `T`. Always returns [Nullable](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/nullable.md) type and returns [NULL](/docs/en/sql-reference/syntax.md/#null-literal) if the casted value is not representable in the target type.
**Syntax**
@ -1101,7 +1095,7 @@ Result:
## toInterval(Year\|Quarter\|Month\|Week\|Day\|Hour\|Minute\|Second)
Converts a Number type argument to an [Interval](../../sql-reference/data-types/special-data-types/interval.md) data type.
Converts a Number type argument to an [Interval](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/special-data-types/interval.md) data type.
**Syntax**
@ -1149,7 +1143,7 @@ Result:
## parseDateTimeBestEffort
## parseDateTime32BestEffort
Converts a date and time in the [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) representation to [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md#data_type-datetime) data type.
Converts a date and time in the [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) representation to [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md/#data_type-datetime) data type.
The function parses [ISO 8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601), [RFC 1123 - 5.2.14 RFC-822 Date and Time Specification](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123#page-55), ClickHouse’s and some other date and time formats.
@ -1161,8 +1155,8 @@ parseDateTimeBestEffort(time_string [, time_zone])
**Arguments**
- `time_string` — String containing a date and time to convert. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `time_zone` — Time zone. The function parses `time_string` according to the time zone. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `time_string` — String containing a date and time to convert. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `time_zone` — Time zone. The function parses `time_string` according to the time zone. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
**Supported non-standard formats**
@ -1285,7 +1279,7 @@ Same as [parseDateTimeBestEffortUS](#parsedatetimebesteffortUS) function except
## parseDateTime64BestEffort
Same as [parseDateTimeBestEffort](#parsedatetimebesteffort) function but also parse milliseconds and microseconds and returns [DateTime](../../sql-reference/functions/type-conversion-functions.md#data_type-datetime) data type.
Same as [parseDateTimeBestEffort](#parsedatetimebesteffort) function but also parse milliseconds and microseconds and returns [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/functions/type-conversion-functions.md/#data_type-datetime) data type.
**Syntax**
@ -1295,13 +1289,13 @@ parseDateTime64BestEffort(time_string [, precision [, time_zone]])
**Parameters**
- `time_string` — String containing a date or date with time to convert. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `precision` — Required precision. `3` — for milliseconds, `6` — for microseconds. Default — `3`. Optional. [UInt8](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
- `time_zone` — [Timezone](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone). The function parses `time_string` according to the timezone. Optional. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `time_string` — String containing a date or date with time to convert. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `precision` — Required precision. `3` — for milliseconds, `6` — for microseconds. Default — `3`. Optional. [UInt8](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
- `time_zone` — [Timezone](/docs/en/operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md/#server_configuration_parameters-timezone). The function parses `time_string` according to the timezone. Optional. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
**Returned value**
- `time_string` converted to the [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) data type.
- `time_string` converted to the [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) data type.
**Examples**
@ -1352,7 +1346,7 @@ Same as for [parseDateTime64BestEffort](#parsedatetime64besteffort), except that
## toLowCardinality
Converts input parameter to the [LowCardinality](../../sql-reference/data-types/lowcardinality.md) version of same data type.
Converts input parameter to the [LowCardinality](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/lowcardinality.md) version of same data type.
To convert data from the `LowCardinality` data type use the [CAST](#type_conversion_function-cast) function. For example, `CAST(x as String)`.
@ -1364,7 +1358,7 @@ toLowCardinality(expr)
**Arguments**
- `expr` — [Expression](../../sql-reference/syntax.md#syntax-expressions) resulting in one of the [supported data types](../../sql-reference/data-types/index.md#data_types).
- `expr` — [Expression](/docs/en/sql-reference/syntax.md/#syntax-expressions) resulting in one of the [supported data types](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/index.md/#data_types).
**Returned values**
@ -1498,7 +1492,7 @@ formatRow(format, x, y, ...)
**Arguments**
- `format` — Text format. For example, [CSV](../../interfaces/formats.md#csv), [TSV](../../interfaces/formats.md#tabseparated).
- `format` — Text format. For example, [CSV](/docs/en/interfaces/formats.md/#csv), [TSV](/docs/en/interfaces/formats.md/#tabseparated).
- `x`,`y`, ... — Expressions.
**Returned value**
@ -1539,7 +1533,7 @@ formatRowNoNewline(format, x, y, ...)
**Arguments**
- `format` — Text format. For example, [CSV](../../interfaces/formats.md#csv), [TSV](../../interfaces/formats.md#tabseparated).
- `format` — Text format. For example, [CSV](/docs/en/interfaces/formats.md/#csv), [TSV](/docs/en/interfaces/formats.md/#tabseparated).
- `x`,`y`, ... — Expressions.
**Returned value**
@ -1567,7 +1561,7 @@ Result:
## snowflakeToDateTime
Extracts time from [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) as [DateTime](../data-types/datetime.md) format.
Extracts time from [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) as [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) format.
**Syntax**
@ -1577,12 +1571,12 @@ snowflakeToDateTime(value [, time_zone])
**Parameters**
- `value` — Snowflake ID. [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md).
- `time_zone` — [Timezone](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone). The function parses `time_string` according to the timezone. Optional. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `value` — Snowflake ID. [Int64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
- `time_zone` — [Timezone](/docs/en/operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md/#server_configuration_parameters-timezone). The function parses `time_string` according to the timezone. Optional. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
**Returned value**
- Input value converted to the [DateTime](../data-types/datetime.md) data type.
- Input value converted to the [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) data type.
**Example**
@ -1603,7 +1597,7 @@ Result:
## snowflakeToDateTime64
Extracts time from [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) as [DateTime64](../data-types/datetime64.md) format.
Extracts time from [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) as [DateTime64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md) format.
**Syntax**
@ -1613,12 +1607,12 @@ snowflakeToDateTime64(value [, time_zone])
**Parameters**
- `value` — Snowflake ID. [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md).
- `time_zone` — [Timezone](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone). The function parses `time_string` according to the timezone. Optional. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
- `value` — Snowflake ID. [Int64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
- `time_zone` — [Timezone](/docs/en/operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md/#server_configuration_parameters-timezone). The function parses `time_string` according to the timezone. Optional. [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
**Returned value**
- Input value converted to the [DateTime64](../data-types/datetime64.md) data type.
- Input value converted to the [DateTime64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md) data type.
**Example**
@ -1639,7 +1633,7 @@ Result:
## dateTimeToSnowflake
Converts [DateTime](../data-types/datetime.md) value to the first [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) at the giving time.
Converts [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) value to the first [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) at the giving time.
**Syntax**
@ -1649,11 +1643,11 @@ dateTimeToSnowflake(value)
**Parameters**
- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
**Returned value**
- Input value converted to the [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md) data type as the first Snowflake ID at that time.
- Input value converted to the [Int64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) data type as the first Snowflake ID at that time.
**Example**
@ -1673,7 +1667,7 @@ Result:
## dateTime64ToSnowflake
Convert [DateTime64](../data-types/datetime64.md) to the first [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) at the giving time.
Convert [DateTime64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md) to the first [Snowflake ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_ID) at the giving time.
**Syntax**
@ -1683,11 +1677,11 @@ dateTime64ToSnowflake(value)
**Parameters**
- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
**Returned value**
- Input value converted to the [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md) data type as the first Snowflake ID at that time.
- Input value converted to the [Int64](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) data type as the first Snowflake ID at that time.
**Example**