--- slug: /en/sql-reference/functions/bit-functions sidebar_position: 20 sidebar_label: Bit --- # Bit Functions Bit functions work for any pair of types from `UInt8`, `UInt16`, `UInt32`, `UInt64`, `Int8`, `Int16`, `Int32`, `Int64`, `Float32`, or `Float64`. Some functions support `String` and `FixedString` types. The result type is an integer with bits equal to the maximum bits of its arguments. If at least one of the arguments is signed, the result is a signed number. If an argument is a floating-point number, it is cast to Int64. ## bitAnd(a, b) ## bitOr(a, b) ## bitXor(a, b) ## bitNot(a) ## bitShiftLeft(a, b) Shifts the binary representation of a value to the left by a specified number of bit positions. A `FixedString` or a `String` is treated as a single multibyte value. Bits of a `FixedString` value are lost as they are shifted out. On the contrary, a `String` value is extended with additional bytes, so no bits are lost. **Syntax** ``` sql bitShiftLeft(a, b) ``` **Arguments** - `a` — A value to shift. [Integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), [String](../data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../data-types/fixedstring.md). - `b` — The number of shift positions. [Unsigned integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), 64 bit types or less are allowed. **Returned value** - Shifted value. The type of the returned value is the same as the type of the input value. **Example** In the following queries [bin](encoding-functions.md#bin) and [hex](encoding-functions.md#hex) functions are used to show bits of shifted values. ``` sql SELECT 99 AS a, bin(a), bitShiftLeft(a, 2) AS a_shifted, bin(a_shifted); SELECT 'abc' AS a, hex(a), bitShiftLeft(a, 4) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted); SELECT toFixedString('abc', 3) AS a, hex(a), bitShiftLeft(a, 4) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted); ``` Result: ``` text ┌──a─┬─bin(99)──┬─a_shifted─┬─bin(bitShiftLeft(99, 2))─┐ │ 99 │ 01100011 │ 140 │ 10001100 │ └────┴──────────┴───────────┴──────────────────────────┘ ┌─a───┬─hex('abc')─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftLeft('abc', 4))─┐ │ abc │ 616263 │ &0 │ 06162630 │ └─────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────────────┘ ┌─a───┬─hex(toFixedString('abc', 3))─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftLeft(toFixedString('abc', 3), 4))─┐ │ abc │ 616263 │ &0 │ 162630 │ └─────┴──────────────────────────────┴───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ``` ## bitShiftRight(a, b) Shifts the binary representation of a value to the right by a specified number of bit positions. A `FixedString` or a `String` is treated as a single multibyte value. Note that the length of a `String` value is reduced as bits are shifted out. **Syntax** ``` sql bitShiftRight(a, b) ``` **Arguments** - `a` — A value to shift. [Integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), [String](../data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../data-types/fixedstring.md). - `b` — The number of shift positions. [Unsigned integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), 64 bit types or less are allowed. **Returned value** - Shifted value. The type of the returned value is the same as the type of the input value. **Example** Query: ``` sql SELECT 101 AS a, bin(a), bitShiftRight(a, 2) AS a_shifted, bin(a_shifted); SELECT 'abc' AS a, hex(a), bitShiftRight(a, 12) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted); SELECT toFixedString('abc', 3) AS a, hex(a), bitShiftRight(a, 12) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted); ``` Result: ``` text ┌───a─┬─bin(101)─┬─a_shifted─┬─bin(bitShiftRight(101, 2))─┐ │ 101 │ 01100101 │ 25 │ 00011001 │ └─────┴──────────┴───────────┴────────────────────────────┘ ┌─a───┬─hex('abc')─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftRight('abc', 12))─┐ │ abc │ 616263 │ │ 0616 │ └─────┴────────────┴───────────┴───────────────────────────────┘ ┌─a───┬─hex(toFixedString('abc', 3))─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftRight(toFixedString('abc', 3), 12))─┐ │ abc │ 616263 │ │ 000616 │ └─────┴──────────────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ``` ## bitRotateLeft(a, b) ## bitRotateRight(a, b) ## bitSlice(s, offset, length) Returns a substring starting with the bit from the ‘offset’ index that is ‘length’ bits long. bits indexing starts from 1 **Syntax** ``` sql bitSlice(s, offset[, length]) ``` **Arguments** - `s` — s is [String](../data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../data-types/fixedstring.md). - `offset` — The start index with bit, A positive value indicates an offset on the left, and a negative value is an indent on the right. Numbering of the bits begins with 1. - `length` — The length of substring with bit. If you specify a negative value, the function returns an open substring \[offset, array_length - length\]. If you omit the value, the function returns the substring \[offset, the_end_string\]. If length exceeds s, it will be truncate.If length isn't multiple of 8, will fill 0 on the right. **Returned value** - The substring. [String](../data-types/string.md) **Example** Query: ``` sql select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 8)) select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 2)) select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 9)) select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', -4, 8)) ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 8))─┐ │ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 01001000 │ └──────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘ ┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 2))─┐ │ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 01000000 │ └──────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘ ┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 9))─┐ │ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 0100100000000000 │ └──────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘ ┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', -4, 8))─┐ │ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 11110000 │ └──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘ ``` ## byteSlice(s, offset, length) See function [substring](string-functions.md#substring). ## bitTest Takes any integer and converts it into [binary form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number), returns the value of a bit at specified position. The countdown starts from 0 from the right to the left. **Syntax** ``` sql SELECT bitTest(number, index) ``` **Arguments** - `number` – Integer number. - `index` – Position of bit. **Returned value** - Value of the bit at the specified position. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md). **Example** For example, the number 43 in base-2 (binary) numeral system is 101011. Query: ``` sql SELECT bitTest(43, 1); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitTest(43, 1)─┐ │ 1 │ └────────────────┘ ``` Another example: Query: ``` sql SELECT bitTest(43, 2); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitTest(43, 2)─┐ │ 0 │ └────────────────┘ ``` ## bitTestAll Returns result of [logical conjuction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction) (AND operator) of all bits at given positions. The countdown starts from 0 from the right to the left. The conjuction for bit-wise operations: 0 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 1 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 1 = 1 **Syntax** ``` sql SELECT bitTestAll(number, index1, index2, index3, index4, ...) ``` **Arguments** - `number` – Integer number. - `index1`, `index2`, `index3`, `index4` – Positions of bit. For example, for set of positions (`index1`, `index2`, `index3`, `index4`) is true if and only if all of its positions are true (`index1` ⋀ `index2`, ⋀ `index3` ⋀ `index4`). **Returned value** - Result of the logical conjuction. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md). **Example** For example, the number 43 in base-2 (binary) numeral system is 101011. Query: ``` sql SELECT bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5)─┐ │ 1 │ └────────────────────────────┘ ``` Another example: Query: ``` sql SELECT bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5, 2); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5, 2)─┐ │ 0 │ └───────────────────────────────┘ ``` ## bitTestAny Returns result of [logical disjunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction) (OR operator) of all bits at given positions. The countdown starts from 0 from the right to the left. The disjunction for bit-wise operations: 0 OR 0 = 0 0 OR 1 = 1 1 OR 0 = 1 1 OR 1 = 1 **Syntax** ``` sql SELECT bitTestAny(number, index1, index2, index3, index4, ...) ``` **Arguments** - `number` – Integer number. - `index1`, `index2`, `index3`, `index4` – Positions of bit. **Returned value** - Result of the logical disjunction. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md). **Example** For example, the number 43 in base-2 (binary) numeral system is 101011. Query: ``` sql SELECT bitTestAny(43, 0, 2); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitTestAny(43, 0, 2)─┐ │ 1 │ └──────────────────────┘ ``` Another example: Query: ``` sql SELECT bitTestAny(43, 4, 2); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitTestAny(43, 4, 2)─┐ │ 0 │ └──────────────────────┘ ``` ## bitCount Calculates the number of bits set to one in the binary representation of a number. **Syntax** ``` sql bitCount(x) ``` **Arguments** - `x` — [Integer](../data-types/int-uint.md) or [floating-point](../data-types/float.md) number. The function uses the value representation in memory. It allows supporting floating-point numbers. **Returned value** - Number of bits set to one in the input number. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md). :::note The function does not convert the input value to a larger type ([sign extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_extension)). So, for example, `bitCount(toUInt8(-1)) = 8`. ::: **Example** Take for example the number 333. Its binary representation: 0000000101001101. Query: ``` sql SELECT bitCount(333); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitCount(333)─┐ │ 5 │ └───────────────┘ ``` ## bitHammingDistance Returns the [Hamming Distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance) between the bit representations of two integer values. Can be used with [SimHash](../../sql-reference/functions/hash-functions.md#ngramsimhash) functions for detection of semi-duplicate strings. The smaller is the distance, the more likely those strings are the same. **Syntax** ``` sql bitHammingDistance(int1, int2) ``` **Arguments** - `int1` — First integer value. [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md). - `int2` — Second integer value. [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md). **Returned value** - The Hamming distance. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md). **Examples** Query: ``` sql SELECT bitHammingDistance(111, 121); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitHammingDistance(111, 121)─┐ │ 3 │ └──────────────────────────────┘ ``` With [SimHash](../../sql-reference/functions/hash-functions.md#ngramsimhash): ``` sql SELECT bitHammingDistance(ngramSimHash('cat ate rat'), ngramSimHash('rat ate cat')); ``` Result: ``` text ┌─bitHammingDistance(ngramSimHash('cat ate rat'), ngramSimHash('rat ate cat'))─┐ │ 5 │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ```