#include #include #include #include //#define DBMS_HASH_MAP_DEBUG_RESIZES #include #include #include //#include //#include #include #include #include #include using Key = UInt64; using Value = UInt64; using Source = std::vector; using Map = HashMap; using MapTwoLevel = TwoLevelHashMap; struct SmallLock { std::atomic locked {false}; bool try_lock() { int expected = 0; return locked.compare_exchange_strong(expected, 1, std::memory_order_acquire); } void unlock() { locked.store(0, std::memory_order_release); } }; struct __attribute__((__aligned__(64))) AlignedSmallLock : public SmallLock { char dummy[64 - sizeof(SmallLock)]; }; using Mutex = std::mutex; /*using MapSmallLocks = HashTableWithSmallLocks< Key, HashTableCellWithLock< Key, HashMapCell> >, DefaultHash, HashTableGrower<21>, HashTableAllocator>;*/ static void aggregate1(Map & map, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it) ++map[*it]; } #if !__clang__ #pragma GCC diagnostic push #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmaybe-uninitialized" #endif static void aggregate12(Map & map, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { Map::LookupResult found = nullptr; auto prev_it = end; for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it) { if (prev_it != end && *it == *prev_it) { ++found->getMapped(); continue; } prev_it = it; bool inserted; map.emplace(*it, found, inserted); ++found->getMapped(); } } static void aggregate2(MapTwoLevel & map, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it) ++map[*it]; } static void aggregate22(MapTwoLevel & map, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { MapTwoLevel::LookupResult found = nullptr; auto prev_it = end; for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it) { if (*it == *prev_it) { ++found->getMapped(); continue; } prev_it = it; bool inserted; map.emplace(*it, found, inserted); ++found->getMapped(); } } #if !__clang__ #pragma GCC diagnostic pop #endif static void merge2(MapTwoLevel * maps, size_t num_threads, size_t bucket) { for (size_t i = 1; i < num_threads; ++i) for (auto it = maps[i].impls[bucket].begin(); it != maps[i].impls[bucket].end(); ++it) maps[0].impls[bucket][it->getKey()] += it->getMapped(); } static void aggregate3(Map & local_map, Map & global_map, Mutex & mutex, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { static constexpr size_t threshold = 65536; for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it) { auto found = local_map.find(*it); if (found) ++found->getMapped(); else if (local_map.size() < threshold) ++local_map[*it]; /// TODO You could do one lookup, not two. else { if (mutex.try_lock()) { ++global_map[*it]; mutex.unlock(); } else ++local_map[*it]; } } } static void aggregate33(Map & local_map, Map & global_map, Mutex & mutex, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { static constexpr size_t threshold = 65536; for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it) { Map::LookupResult found; bool inserted; local_map.emplace(*it, found, inserted); ++found->getMapped(); if (inserted && local_map.size() == threshold) { std::lock_guard lock(mutex); for (auto & value_type : local_map) global_map[value_type.getKey()] += value_type.getMapped(); local_map.clear(); } } } static void aggregate4(Map & local_map, MapTwoLevel & global_map, Mutex * mutexes, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { static constexpr size_t threshold = 65536; static constexpr size_t block_size = 8192; auto it = begin; while (it != end) { auto block_end = std::min(end, it + block_size); if (local_map.size() < threshold) { for (; it != block_end; ++it) ++local_map[*it]; } else { for (; it != block_end; ++it) { auto found = local_map.find(*it); if (found) ++found->getMapped(); else { size_t hash_value = global_map.hash(*it); size_t bucket = global_map.getBucketFromHash(hash_value); if (mutexes[bucket].try_lock()) { ++global_map.impls[bucket][*it]; mutexes[bucket].unlock(); } else ++local_map[*it]; } } } } } /* void aggregate5(Map & local_map, MapSmallLocks & global_map, Source::const_iterator begin, Source::const_iterator end) { static constexpr size_t threshold = 65536; for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it) { Map::iterator found = local_map.find(*it); if (found != local_map.end()) ++found->second; else if (local_map.size() < threshold) ++local_map[*it]; /// TODO You could do one lookup, not two. else { SmallScopedLock lock; MapSmallLocks::iterator insert_it; bool inserted; if (global_map.tryEmplace(*it, insert_it, inserted, lock)) ++insert_it->second; else ++local_map[*it]; } } }*/ int main(int argc, char ** argv) { size_t n = atoi(argv[1]); size_t num_threads = atoi(argv[2]); size_t method = argc <= 3 ? 0 : atoi(argv[3]); std::cerr << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2); ThreadPool pool(num_threads); Source data(n); { Stopwatch watch; DB::ReadBufferFromFileDescriptor in1(STDIN_FILENO); DB::CompressedReadBuffer in2(in1); in2.readStrict(reinterpret_cast(data.data()), sizeof(data[0]) * n); watch.stop(); std::cerr << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << "Vector. Size: " << n << ", elapsed: " << watch.elapsedSeconds() << " (" << n / watch.elapsedSeconds() << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 1) { /** Option 1. * In different threads, we aggregate independently into different hash tables. * Then merge them together. */ std::vector maps(num_threads); Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate1, std::ref(maps[i]), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes: "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 1; i < num_threads; ++i) for (auto it = maps[i].begin(); it != maps[i].end(); ++it) maps[0][it->getKey()] += it->getMapped(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << maps[0].size() << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 12) { /** The same, but with optimization for consecutive identical values. */ std::vector maps(num_threads); Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate12, std::ref(maps[i]), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes: "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 1; i < num_threads; ++i) for (auto it = maps[i].begin(); it != maps[i].end(); ++it) maps[0][it->getKey()] += it->getMapped(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << maps[0].size() << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 11) { /** Option 11. * Same as option 1, but with merge, the order of the cycles is changed, * which potentially can give better cache locality. * * In practice, there is no difference. */ std::vector maps(num_threads); Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate1, std::ref(maps[i]), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes: "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; watch.restart(); std::vector iterators(num_threads); for (size_t i = 1; i < num_threads; ++i) iterators[i] = maps[i].begin(); while (true) { bool finish = true; for (size_t i = 1; i < num_threads; ++i) { if (iterators[i] == maps[i].end()) continue; finish = false; maps[0][iterators[i]->getKey()] += iterators[i]->getMapped(); ++iterators[i]; } if (finish) break; } watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << maps[0].size() << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 2) { /** Option 2. * In different threads, we aggregate independently into different two-level hash tables. * Then merge them together, parallelizing by the first level buckets. * When using hash tables of large sizes (10 million elements or more), * and a large number of threads (8-32), the merge is a bottleneck, * and has a performance advantage of 4 times. */ std::vector maps(num_threads); Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate2, std::ref(maps[i]), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes: "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 0; i < MapTwoLevel::NUM_BUCKETS; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(merge2, maps.data(), num_threads, i)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << maps[0].size() << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 22) { std::vector maps(num_threads); Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate22, std::ref(maps[i]), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes: "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 0; i < MapTwoLevel::NUM_BUCKETS; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(merge2, maps.data(), num_threads, i)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << maps[0].size() << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 3) { /** Option 3. * In different threads, we aggregate independently into different hash tables, * until their size becomes large enough. * If the size of the local hash table is large, and there is no element in it, * then we insert it into one global hash table, protected by mutex, * and if mutex failed to capture, then insert it into the local one. * Then merge all the local hash tables to the global one. * This method is bad - a lot of contention. */ std::vector local_maps(num_threads); Map global_map; Mutex mutex; Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate3, std::ref(local_maps[i]), std::ref(global_map), std::ref(mutex), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes (local): "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << local_maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += local_maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size (global): " << global_map.size() << std::endl; size_before_merge += global_map.size(); watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) for (auto it = local_maps[i].begin(); it != local_maps[i].end(); ++it) global_map[it->getKey()] += it->getMapped(); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << global_map.size() << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 33) { /** Option 33. * In different threads, we aggregate independently into different hash tables, * until their size becomes large enough. * Then we insert the data to the global hash table, protected by mutex, and continue. */ std::vector local_maps(num_threads); Map global_map; Mutex mutex; Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate33, std::ref(local_maps[i]), std::ref(global_map), std::ref(mutex), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes (local): "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << local_maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += local_maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size (global): " << global_map.size() << std::endl; size_before_merge += global_map.size(); watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) for (auto it = local_maps[i].begin(); it != local_maps[i].end(); ++it) global_map[it->getKey()] += it->getMapped(); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << global_map.size() << std::endl << std::endl; } if (!method || method == 4) { /** Option 4. * In different threads, we aggregate independently into different hash tables, * until their size becomes large enough. * If the size of the local hash table is large, and there is no element in it, * then insert it into one of 256 global hash tables, each of which is under its mutex. * Then merge all local hash tables into the global one. * This method is not so bad with a lot of threads, but worse than the second one. */ std::vector local_maps(num_threads); MapTwoLevel global_map; std::vector mutexes(MapTwoLevel::NUM_BUCKETS); Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate4, std::ref(local_maps[i]), std::ref(global_map), mutexes.data(), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes (local): "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << local_maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += local_maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; size_t sum_size = global_map.size(); std::cerr << "Size (global): " << sum_size << std::endl; size_before_merge += sum_size; watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) for (auto it = local_maps[i].begin(); it != local_maps[i].end(); ++it) global_map[it->getKey()] += it->getMapped(); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << global_map.size() << std::endl << std::endl; } /* if (!method || method == 5) { */ /** Option 5. * In different threads, we aggregate independently into different hash tables, * until their size becomes large enough. * If the size of the local hash table is large and there is no element in it, * then insert it into one global hash table containing small latches in each cell, * and if the latch can not be captured, then insert it into the local one. * Then merge all local hash tables into the global one. */ /* Map local_maps[num_threads]; MapSmallLocks global_map; Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate5, std::ref(local_maps[i]), std::ref(global_map), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes (local): "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << local_maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += local_maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size (global): " << global_map.size() << std::endl; size_before_merge += global_map.size(); watch.restart(); for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) for (auto it = local_maps[i].begin(); it != local_maps[i].end(); ++it) global_map.insert(std::make_pair(it->first, 0)).first->second += it->second; pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << global_map.size() << std::endl << std::endl; }*/ /*if (!method || method == 6) { *//** Option 6. * In different threads, we aggregate independently into different hash tables. * Then "merge" them, passing them in the same order of the keys. * Quite a slow option. */ /* std::vector maps(num_threads); Stopwatch watch; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) pool.scheduleOrThrowOnError(std::bind(aggregate1, std::ref(maps[i]), data.begin() + (data.size() * i) / num_threads, data.begin() + (data.size() * (i + 1)) / num_threads)); pool.wait(); watch.stop(); double time_aggregated = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Aggregated in " << time_aggregated << " (" << n / time_aggregated << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; size_t size_before_merge = 0; std::cerr << "Sizes: "; for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { std::cerr << (i == 0 ? "" : ", ") << maps[i].size(); size_before_merge += maps[i].size(); } std::cerr << std::endl; watch.restart(); using Maps = std::vector; Maps maps_to_merge(num_threads); for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) maps_to_merge[i] = &maps[i]; size_t size = 0; for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; ++i) processMergedHashTables(maps_to_merge, [] (Map::value_type & dst, const Map::value_type & src) { dst.second += src.second; }, [&] (const Map::value_type & dst) { ++size; }); watch.stop(); double time_merged = watch.elapsedSeconds(); std::cerr << "Merged in " << time_merged << " (" << size_before_merge / time_merged << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; double time_total = time_aggregated + time_merged; std::cerr << "Total in " << time_total << " (" << n / time_total << " elem/sec.)" << std::endl; std::cerr << "Size: " << size << std::endl << std::endl; }*/ return 0; }