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441 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
441 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
---
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slug: /en/sql-reference/functions/bit-functions
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sidebar_position: 20
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sidebar_label: Bit
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---
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# Bit Functions
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Bit functions work for any pair of types from `UInt8`, `UInt16`, `UInt32`, `UInt64`, `Int8`, `Int16`, `Int32`, `Int64`, `Float32`, or `Float64`. Some functions support `String` and `FixedString` types.
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The result type is an integer with bits equal to the maximum bits of its arguments. If at least one of the arguments is signed, the result is a signed number. If an argument is a floating-point number, it is cast to Int64.
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## bitAnd(a, b)
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## bitOr(a, b)
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## bitXor(a, b)
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## bitNot(a)
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## bitShiftLeft(a, b)
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Shifts the binary representation of a value to the left by a specified number of bit positions.
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A `FixedString` or a `String` is treated as a single multibyte value.
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Bits of a `FixedString` value are lost as they are shifted out. On the contrary, a `String` value is extended with additional bytes, so no bits are lost.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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bitShiftLeft(a, b)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `a` — A value to shift. [Integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), [String](../data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../data-types/fixedstring.md).
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- `b` — The number of shift positions. [Unsigned integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), 64 bit types or less are allowed.
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**Returned value**
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- Shifted value.
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The type of the returned value is the same as the type of the input value.
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**Example**
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In the following queries [bin](encoding-functions.md#bin) and [hex](encoding-functions.md#hex) functions are used to show bits of shifted values.
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``` sql
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SELECT 99 AS a, bin(a), bitShiftLeft(a, 2) AS a_shifted, bin(a_shifted);
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SELECT 'abc' AS a, hex(a), bitShiftLeft(a, 4) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted);
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SELECT toFixedString('abc', 3) AS a, hex(a), bitShiftLeft(a, 4) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌──a─┬─bin(99)──┬─a_shifted─┬─bin(bitShiftLeft(99, 2))─┐
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│ 99 │ 01100011 │ 140 │ 10001100 │
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└────┴──────────┴───────────┴──────────────────────────┘
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┌─a───┬─hex('abc')─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftLeft('abc', 4))─┐
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│ abc │ 616263 │ &0 │ 06162630 │
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└─────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
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┌─a───┬─hex(toFixedString('abc', 3))─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftLeft(toFixedString('abc', 3), 4))─┐
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│ abc │ 616263 │ &0 │ 162630 │
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└─────┴──────────────────────────────┴───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## bitShiftRight(a, b)
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Shifts the binary representation of a value to the right by a specified number of bit positions.
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A `FixedString` or a `String` is treated as a single multibyte value. Note that the length of a `String` value is reduced as bits are shifted out.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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bitShiftRight(a, b)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `a` — A value to shift. [Integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), [String](../data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../data-types/fixedstring.md).
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- `b` — The number of shift positions. [Unsigned integer types](../data-types/int-uint.md), 64 bit types or less are allowed.
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**Returned value**
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- Shifted value.
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The type of the returned value is the same as the type of the input value.
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**Example**
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT 101 AS a, bin(a), bitShiftRight(a, 2) AS a_shifted, bin(a_shifted);
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SELECT 'abc' AS a, hex(a), bitShiftRight(a, 12) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted);
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SELECT toFixedString('abc', 3) AS a, hex(a), bitShiftRight(a, 12) AS a_shifted, hex(a_shifted);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌───a─┬─bin(101)─┬─a_shifted─┬─bin(bitShiftRight(101, 2))─┐
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│ 101 │ 01100101 │ 25 │ 00011001 │
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└─────┴──────────┴───────────┴────────────────────────────┘
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┌─a───┬─hex('abc')─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftRight('abc', 12))─┐
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│ abc │ 616263 │ │ 0616 │
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└─────┴────────────┴───────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
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┌─a───┬─hex(toFixedString('abc', 3))─┬─a_shifted─┬─hex(bitShiftRight(toFixedString('abc', 3), 12))─┐
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│ abc │ 616263 │ │ 000616 │
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└─────┴──────────────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## bitRotateLeft(a, b)
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## bitRotateRight(a, b)
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## bitSlice(s, offset, length)
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Returns a substring starting with the bit from the ‘offset’ index that is ‘length’ bits long. bits indexing starts from
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1
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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bitSlice(s, offset[, length])
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `s` — s is [String](../data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../data-types/fixedstring.md).
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- `offset` — The start index with bit, A positive value indicates an offset on the left, and a negative value is an indent on the right. Numbering of the bits begins with 1.
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- `length` — The length of substring with bit. If you specify a negative value, the function returns an open substring \[offset, array_length - length\]. If you omit the value, the function returns the substring \[offset, the_end_string\]. If length exceeds s, it will be truncate.If length isn't multiple of 8, will fill 0 on the right.
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**Returned value**
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- The substring. [String](../data-types/string.md)
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**Example**
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Query:
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``` sql
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select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 8))
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select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 2))
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select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 9))
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select bin('Hello'), bin(bitSlice('Hello', -4, 8))
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 8))─┐
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│ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 01001000 │
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└──────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
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┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 2))─┐
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│ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 01000000 │
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└──────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
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┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', 1, 9))─┐
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│ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 0100100000000000 │
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└──────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
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┌─bin('Hello')─────────────────────────────┬─bin(bitSlice('Hello', -4, 8))─┐
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│ 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 │ 11110000 │
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└──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## byteSlice(s, offset, length)
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See function [substring](string-functions.md#substring).
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## bitTest
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Takes any integer and converts it into [binary form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number), returns the value of a bit at specified position. Counting is right-to-left, starting at 0.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTest(number, index)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `number` – Integer number.
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- `index` – Position of bit.
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**Returned value**
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- Value of the bit at the specified position. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Example**
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For example, the number 43 in base-2 (binary) numeral system is 101011.
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTest(43, 1);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitTest(43, 1)─┐
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│ 1 │
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└────────────────┘
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```
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Another example:
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTest(43, 2);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitTest(43, 2)─┐
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│ 0 │
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└────────────────┘
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```
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## bitTestAll
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Returns result of [logical conjunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction) (AND operator) of all bits at given positions. Counting is right-to-left, starting at 0.
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The conjunction for bit-wise operations:
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0 AND 0 = 0
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0 AND 1 = 0
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1 AND 0 = 0
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1 AND 1 = 1
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTestAll(number, index1, index2, index3, index4, ...)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `number` – Integer number.
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- `index1`, `index2`, `index3`, `index4` – Positions of bit. For example, for set of positions (`index1`, `index2`, `index3`, `index4`) is true if and only if all of its positions are true (`index1` ⋀ `index2`, ⋀ `index3` ⋀ `index4`).
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**Returned value**
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- Result of the logical conjunction. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Example**
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For example, the number 43 in base-2 (binary) numeral system is 101011.
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5)─┐
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│ 1 │
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└────────────────────────────┘
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```
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Another example:
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5, 2);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitTestAll(43, 0, 1, 3, 5, 2)─┐
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│ 0 │
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└───────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## bitTestAny
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Returns result of [logical disjunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction) (OR operator) of all bits at given positions. Counting is right-to-left, starting at 0.
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The disjunction for bit-wise operations:
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0 OR 0 = 0
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0 OR 1 = 1
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1 OR 0 = 1
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1 OR 1 = 1
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTestAny(number, index1, index2, index3, index4, ...)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `number` – Integer number.
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- `index1`, `index2`, `index3`, `index4` – Positions of bit.
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**Returned value**
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- Result of the logical disjunction. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Example**
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For example, the number 43 in base-2 (binary) numeral system is 101011.
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTestAny(43, 0, 2);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitTestAny(43, 0, 2)─┐
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│ 1 │
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└──────────────────────┘
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```
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Another example:
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitTestAny(43, 4, 2);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitTestAny(43, 4, 2)─┐
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│ 0 │
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└──────────────────────┘
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```
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## bitCount
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Calculates the number of bits set to one in the binary representation of a number.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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bitCount(x)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `x` — [Integer](../data-types/int-uint.md) or [floating-point](../data-types/float.md) number. The function uses the value representation in memory. It allows supporting floating-point numbers.
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**Returned value**
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- Number of bits set to one in the input number. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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:::note
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The function does not convert the input value to a larger type ([sign extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_extension)). So, for example, `bitCount(toUInt8(-1)) = 8`.
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:::
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**Example**
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Take for example the number 333. Its binary representation: 0000000101001101.
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitCount(333);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitCount(333)─┐
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│ 5 │
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└───────────────┘
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```
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## bitHammingDistance
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Returns the [Hamming Distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance) between the bit representations of two integer values. Can be used with [SimHash](../../sql-reference/functions/hash-functions.md#ngramsimhash) functions for detection of semi-duplicate strings. The smaller is the distance, the more likely those strings are the same.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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bitHammingDistance(int1, int2)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `int1` — First integer value. [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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- `int2` — Second integer value. [Int64](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Returned value**
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- The Hamming distance. [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Examples**
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT bitHammingDistance(111, 121);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitHammingDistance(111, 121)─┐
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│ 3 │
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└──────────────────────────────┘
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```
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With [SimHash](../../sql-reference/functions/hash-functions.md#ngramsimhash):
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``` sql
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SELECT bitHammingDistance(ngramSimHash('cat ate rat'), ngramSimHash('rat ate cat'));
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─bitHammingDistance(ngramSimHash('cat ate rat'), ngramSimHash('rat ate cat'))─┐
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│ 5 │
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└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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