ClickHouse/docs/en/sql-reference/statements/create/table.md

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36	TABLE

CREATE TABLE

Creates a new table. This query can have various syntax forms depending on a use case.

By default, tables are created only on the current server. Distributed DDL queries are implemented as ON CLUSTER clause, which is described separately.

Syntax Forms

With Explicit Schema

CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name [ON CLUSTER cluster]
(
    name1 [type1] [NULL|NOT NULL] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|EPHEMERAL|ALIAS expr1] [compression_codec] [TTL expr1],
    name2 [type2] [NULL|NOT NULL] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|EPHEMERAL|ALIAS expr2] [compression_codec] [TTL expr2],
    ...
) ENGINE = engine

Creates a table named table_name in the db database or the current database if db is not set, with the structure specified in brackets and the engine engine. The structure of the table is a list of column descriptions, secondary indexes and constraints . If primary key is supported by the engine, it will be indicated as parameter for the table engine.

A column description is name type in the simplest case. Example: RegionID UInt32.

Expressions can also be defined for default values (see below).

If necessary, primary key can be specified, with one or more key expressions.

With a Schema Similar to Other Table

CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name AS [db2.]name2 [ENGINE = engine]

Creates a table with the same structure as another table. You can specify a different engine for the table. If the engine is not specified, the same engine will be used as for the db2.name2 table.

From a Table Function

CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name AS table_function()

Creates a table with the same result as that of the table function specified. The created table will also work in the same way as the corresponding table function that was specified.

From SELECT query

CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name[(name1 [type1], name2 [type2], ...)] ENGINE = engine AS SELECT ...

Creates a table with a structure like the result of the SELECT query, with the engine engine, and fills it with data from SELECT. Also you can explicitly specify columns description.

If the table already exists and IF NOT EXISTS is specified, the query won’t do anything.

There can be other clauses after the ENGINE clause in the query. See detailed documentation on how to create tables in the descriptions of table engines.

Example

Query:

CREATE TABLE t1 (x String) ENGINE = Memory AS SELECT 1;
SELECT x, toTypeName(x) FROM t1;

Result:

┌─x─┬─toTypeName(x)─┐
│ 1 │ String        │
└───┴───────────────┘

NULL Or NOT NULL Modifiers

NULL and NOT NULL modifiers after data type in column definition allow or do not allow it to be Nullable.

If the type is not Nullable and if NULL is specified, it will be treated as Nullable; if NOT NULL is specified, then no. For example, INT NULL is the same as Nullable(INT). If the type is Nullable and NULL or NOT NULL modifiers are specified, the exception will be thrown.

See also data_type_default_nullable setting.

Default Values

The column description can specify an expression for a default value, in one of the following ways: DEFAULT expr, MATERIALIZED expr, ALIAS expr.

Example: URLDomain String DEFAULT domain(URL).

If an expression for the default value is not defined, the default values will be set to zeros for numbers, empty strings for strings, empty arrays for arrays, and 1970-01-01 for dates or zero unix timestamp for DateTime, NULL for Nullable.

If the default expression is defined, the column type is optional. If there isn’t an explicitly defined type, the default expression type is used. Example: EventDate DEFAULT toDate(EventTime) – the ‘Date’ type will be used for the ‘EventDate’ column.

If the data type and default expression are defined explicitly, this expression will be cast to the specified type using type casting functions. Example: Hits UInt32 DEFAULT 0 means the same thing as Hits UInt32 DEFAULT toUInt32(0).

Default expressions may be defined as an arbitrary expression from table constants and columns. When creating and changing the table structure, it checks that expressions do not contain loops. For INSERT, it checks that expressions are resolvable – that all columns they can be calculated from have been passed.

DEFAULT

DEFAULT expr

Normal default value. If the INSERT query does not specify the corresponding column, it will be filled in by computing the corresponding expression.

MATERIALIZED

MATERIALIZED expr

Materialized expression. Such a column can’t be specified for INSERT, because it is always calculated. For an INSERT without a list of columns, these columns are not considered. In addition, this column is not substituted when using an asterisk in a SELECT query. This is to preserve the invariant that the dump obtained using SELECT * can be inserted back into the table using INSERT without specifying the list of columns.

EPHEMERAL

EPHEMERAL [expr]

Ephemeral column. Such a column isn't stored in the table and cannot be SELECTed, but can be referenced in the defaults of CREATE statement. If expr is omitted type for column is required. INSERT without list of columns will skip such column, so SELECT/INSERT invariant is preserved - the dump obtained using SELECT * can be inserted back into the table using INSERT without specifying the list of columns.

ALIAS

ALIAS expr

Synonym. Such a column isn’t stored in the table at all. Its values can’t be inserted in a table, and it is not substituted when using an asterisk in a SELECT query. It can be used in SELECTs if the alias is expanded during query parsing.

When using the ALTER query to add new columns, old data for these columns is not written. Instead, when reading old data that does not have values for the new columns, expressions are computed on the fly by default. However, if running the expressions requires different columns that are not indicated in the query, these columns will additionally be read, but only for the blocks of data that need it.

If you add a new column to a table but later change its default expression, the values used for old data will change (for data where values were not stored on the disk). Note that when running background merges, data for columns that are missing in one of the merging parts is written to the merged part.

It is not possible to set default values for elements in nested data structures.

Primary Key

You can define a primary key when creating a table. Primary key can be specified in two ways:

• Inside the column list

CREATE TABLE db.table_name
(
    name1 type1, name2 type2, ...,
    PRIMARY KEY(expr1[, expr2,...])]
)
ENGINE = engine;

• Outside the column list

CREATE TABLE db.table_name
(
    name1 type1, name2 type2, ...
)
ENGINE = engine
PRIMARY KEY(expr1[, expr2,...]);

:::warning
You can't combine both ways in one query. :::

Constraints

Along with columns descriptions constraints could be defined:

CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name [ON CLUSTER cluster]
(
    name1 [type1] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr1] [compression_codec] [TTL expr1],
    ...
    CONSTRAINT constraint_name_1 CHECK boolean_expr_1,
    ...
) ENGINE = engine

boolean_expr_1 could by any boolean expression. If constraints are defined for the table, each of them will be checked for every row in INSERT query. If any constraint is not satisfied — server will raise an exception with constraint name and checking expression.

Adding large amount of constraints can negatively affect performance of big INSERT queries.

TTL Expression

Defines storage time for values. Can be specified only for MergeTree-family tables. For the detailed description, see TTL for columns and tables.

Column Compression Codecs

By default, ClickHouse applies the lz4 compression method. For MergeTree-engine family you can change the default compression method in the compression section of a server configuration.

You can also define the compression method for each individual column in the CREATE TABLE query.

CREATE TABLE codec_example
(
    dt Date CODEC(ZSTD),
    ts DateTime CODEC(LZ4HC),
    float_value Float32 CODEC(NONE),
    double_value Float64 CODEC(LZ4HC(9)),
    value Float32 CODEC(Delta, ZSTD)
)
ENGINE = <Engine>
...

The Default codec can be specified to reference default compression which may depend on different settings (and properties of data) in runtime. Example: value UInt64 CODEC(Default) — the same as lack of codec specification.

Also you can remove current CODEC from the column and use default compression from config.xml:

ALTER TABLE codec_example MODIFY COLUMN float_value CODEC(Default);

Codecs can be combined in a pipeline, for example, CODEC(Delta, Default).

:::warning
You can’t decompress ClickHouse database files with external utilities like lz4. Instead, use the special clickhouse-compressor utility. :::

Compression is supported for the following table engines:

• MergeTree family. Supports column compression codecs and selecting the default compression method by compression settings.
• Log family. Uses the lz4 compression method by default and supports column compression codecs.
• Set. Only supported the default compression.
• Join. Only supported the default compression.

ClickHouse supports general purpose codecs and specialized codecs.

General Purpose Codecs

Codecs:

• NONE — No compression.
• LZ4 — Lossless data compression algorithm used by default. Applies LZ4 fast compression.
• LZ4HC[(level)] — LZ4 HC (high compression) algorithm with configurable level. Default level: 9. Setting level <= 0 applies the default level. Possible levels: [1, 12]. Recommended level range: [4, 9].
• ZSTD[(level)] — ZSTD compression algorithm with configurable level. Possible levels: [1, 22]. Default value: 1.

High compression levels are useful for asymmetric scenarios, like compress once, decompress repeatedly. Higher levels mean better compression and higher CPU usage.

Specialized Codecs

These codecs are designed to make compression more effective by using specific features of data. Some of these codecs do not compress data themself. Instead, they prepare the data for a common purpose codec, which compresses it better than without this preparation.

Specialized codecs:

• Delta(delta_bytes) — Compression approach in which raw values are replaced by the difference of two neighboring values, except for the first value that stays unchanged. Up to delta_bytes are used for storing delta values, so delta_bytes is the maximum size of raw values. Possible delta_bytes values: 1, 2, 4, 8. The default value for delta_bytes is sizeof(type) if equal to 1, 2, 4, or 8. In all other cases, it’s 1.
• DoubleDelta — Calculates delta of deltas and writes it in compact binary form. Optimal compression rates are achieved for monotonic sequences with a constant stride, such as time series data. Can be used with any fixed-width type. Implements the algorithm used in Gorilla TSDB, extending it to support 64-bit types. Uses 1 extra bit for 32-byte deltas: 5-bit prefixes instead of 4-bit prefixes. For additional information, see Compressing Time Stamps in Gorilla: A Fast, Scalable, In-Memory Time Series Database.
• Gorilla — Calculates XOR between current and previous value and writes it in compact binary form. Efficient when storing a series of floating point values that change slowly, because the best compression rate is achieved when neighboring values are binary equal. Implements the algorithm used in Gorilla TSDB, extending it to support 64-bit types. For additional information, see Compressing Values in Gorilla: A Fast, Scalable, In-Memory Time Series Database.
• FPC - Repeatedly predicts the next floating point value in the sequence using the better of two predictors, then XORs the actual with the predicted value, and leading-zero compresses the result. Similar to Gorilla, this is efficient when storing a series of floating point values that change slowly. For 64-bit values (double), FPC is faster than Gorilla, for 32-bit values your mileage may vary. For a detailed description of the algorithm see High Throughput Compression of Double-Precision Floating-Point Data.
• T64 — Compression approach that crops unused high bits of values in integer data types (including Enum, Date and DateTime). At each step of its algorithm, codec takes a block of 64 values, puts them into 64x64 bit matrix, transposes it, crops the unused bits of values and returns the rest as a sequence. Unused bits are the bits, that do not differ between maximum and minimum values in the whole data part for which the compression is used.

DoubleDelta and Gorilla codecs are used in Gorilla TSDB as the components of its compressing algorithm. Gorilla approach is effective in scenarios when there is a sequence of slowly changing values with their timestamps. Timestamps are effectively compressed by the DoubleDelta codec, and values are effectively compressed by the Gorilla codec. For example, to get an effectively stored table, you can create it in the following configuration:

CREATE TABLE codec_example
(
    timestamp DateTime CODEC(DoubleDelta),
    slow_values Float32 CODEC(Gorilla)
)
ENGINE = MergeTree()

Encryption Codecs

These codecs don't actually compress data, but instead encrypt data on disk. These are only available when an encryption key is specified by encryption settings. Note that encryption only makes sense at the end of codec pipelines, because encrypted data usually can't be compressed in any meaningful way.

Encryption codecs:

• CODEC('AES-128-GCM-SIV') — Encrypts data with AES-128 in RFC 8452 GCM-SIV mode.

• CODEC('AES-256-GCM-SIV') — Encrypts data with AES-256 in GCM-SIV mode.

These codecs use a fixed nonce and encryption is therefore deterministic. This makes it compatible with deduplicating engines such as ReplicatedMergeTree but has a weakness: when the same data block is encrypted twice, the resulting ciphertext will be exactly the same so an adversary who can read the disk can see this equivalence (although only the equivalence, without getting its content).

:::warning
Most engines including the "*MergeTree" family create index files on disk without applying codecs. This means plaintext will appear on disk if an encrypted column is indexed. :::

:::warning
If you perform a SELECT query mentioning a specific value in an encrypted column (such as in its WHERE clause), the value may appear in system.query_log. You may want to disable the logging. :::

Example

CREATE TABLE mytable 
(
    x String Codec(AES_128_GCM_SIV)
) 
ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY x;

:::note
If compression needs to be applied, it must be explicitly specified. Otherwise, only encryption will be applied to data. :::

Example

CREATE TABLE mytable 
(
    x String Codec(Delta, LZ4, AES_128_GCM_SIV)
) 
ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY x;

Temporary Tables

ClickHouse supports temporary tables which have the following characteristics:

• Temporary tables disappear when the session ends, including if the connection is lost.
• A temporary table uses the Memory engine only.
• The DB can’t be specified for a temporary table. It is created outside of databases.
• Impossible to create a temporary table with distributed DDL query on all cluster servers (by using ON CLUSTER): this table exists only in the current session.
• If a temporary table has the same name as another one and a query specifies the table name without specifying the DB, the temporary table will be used.
• For distributed query processing, temporary tables used in a query are passed to remote servers.

To create a temporary table, use the following syntax:

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] table_name
(
    name1 [type1] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr1],
    name2 [type2] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr2],
    ...
)

In most cases, temporary tables are not created manually, but when using external data for a query, or for distributed (GLOBAL) IN. For more information, see the appropriate sections

It’s possible to use tables with ENGINE = Memory instead of temporary tables.

REPLACE TABLE

'REPLACE' query allows you to update the table atomically.

:::note
This query is supported only for Atomic database engine. :::

If you need to delete some data from a table, you can create a new table and fill it with a SELECT statement that does not retrieve unwanted data, then drop the old table and rename the new one:

CREATE TABLE myNewTable AS myOldTable;
INSERT INTO myNewTable SELECT * FROM myOldTable WHERE CounterID <12345;
DROP TABLE myOldTable;
RENAME TABLE myNewTable TO myOldTable;

Instead of above, you can use the following:

REPLACE TABLE myOldTable SELECT * FROM myOldTable WHERE CounterID <12345;

Syntax

{CREATE [OR REPLACE] | REPLACE} TABLE [db.]table_name

All syntax forms for CREATE query also work for this query. REPLACE for a non-existent table will cause an error.

Examples:

Consider the table:

CREATE DATABASE base ENGINE = Atomic;
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE base.t1 (n UInt64, s String) ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY n;
INSERT INTO base.t1 VALUES (1, 'test');
SELECT * FROM base.t1;

┌─n─┬─s────┐
│ 1 │ test │
└───┴──────┘

Using REPLACE query to clear all data:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE base.t1 (n UInt64, s Nullable(String)) ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY n;
INSERT INTO base.t1 VALUES (2, null);
SELECT * FROM base.t1;

┌─n─┬─s──┐
│ 2 │ \N │
└───┴────┘

Using REPLACE query to change table structure:

REPLACE TABLE base.t1 (n UInt64) ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY n;
INSERT INTO base.t1 VALUES (3);
SELECT * FROM base.t1;

┌─n─┐
│ 3 │
└───┘

COMMENT Clause

You can add a comment to the table when you creating it.

:::note
The comment is supported for all table engines except Kafka, RabbitMQ and EmbeddedRocksDB. :::

Syntax

CREATE TABLE db.table_name
(
    name1 type1, name2 type2, ...
)
ENGINE = engine
COMMENT 'Comment'

Example

Query:

CREATE TABLE t1 (x String) ENGINE = Memory COMMENT 'The temporary table';
SELECT name, comment FROM system.tables WHERE name = 't1';

Result:

┌─name─┬─comment─────────────┐
│ t1   │ The temporary table │
└──────┴─────────────────────┘