ClickHouse/dbms/include/DB/Functions/FunctionsString.h

#pragma once

#include <Poco/UTF8Encoding.h>
#include <Poco/Unicode.h>

#include <DB/Core/FieldVisitors.h>

#include <DB/DataTypes/DataTypesNumberFixed.h>
#include <DB/DataTypes/DataTypeString.h>
#include <DB/DataTypes/DataTypeFixedString.h>
#include <DB/DataTypes/DataTypeArray.h>
#include <DB/Columns/ColumnString.h>
#include <DB/Columns/ColumnArray.h>
#include <DB/Columns/ColumnFixedString.h>
#include <DB/Columns/ColumnConst.h>
#include <DB/Functions/FunctionsArray.h>
#include <DB/Functions/IFunction.h>
#include <ext/range.hpp>

#include <emmintrin.h>
#include <nmmintrin.h>


namespace DB
{

/** Функции работы со строками:
  *
  * length, empty, notEmpty,
  * concat, substring, lower, upper, reverse, // left, right, insert, replace,
  * // escape, quote, unescape, unquote, trim, trimLeft, trimRight, pad, padLeft
  * lengthUTF8, substringUTF8, lowerUTF8, upperUTF8, reverseUTF8, // leftUTF8, rightUTF8, insertUTF8, replaceUTF8
  * // padUTF8, padLeftUTF8.
  *
  * s				-> UInt8:	empty, notEmpty
  * s 				-> UInt64: 	length, lengthUTF8
  * s 				-> s:		lower, upper, lowerUTF8, upperUTF8, reverse, reverseUTF8, escape, quote, unescape, unquote, trim, trimLeft, trimRight
  * s, s 			-> s: 		concat
  * s, c1, c2 		-> s:		substring, substringUTF8
  * s, c1 			-> s:		left, right, leftUTF8, rightUTF8
  * s, c1, s2		-> s:		insert, insertUTF8, pad, padLeft, padUTF8, padLeftUTF8
  * s, c1, c2, s2	-> s:		replace, replaceUTF8
  *
  * Функции поиска строк и регулярных выражений расположены отдельно.
  * Функции работы с URL расположены отдельно.
  * Функции кодирования строк, конвертации в другие типы расположены отдельно.
  *
  * Функции length, empty, notEmpty, reverse также работают с массивами.
  */


template <bool negative = false>
struct EmptyImpl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		PODArray<UInt8> & res)
	{
		size_t size = offsets.size();
		ColumnString::Offset_t prev_offset = 1;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			res[i] = negative ^ (offsets[i] == prev_offset);
			prev_offset = offsets[i] + 1;
		}
	}

	static void vector_fixed_to_constant(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		UInt8 & res)
	{
		res = negative ^ (n == 0);
	}

	static void vector_fixed_to_vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		PODArray<UInt8> & res)
	{
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data, UInt8 & res)
	{
		res = negative ^ (data.empty());
	}

	static void array(const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets, PODArray<UInt8> & res)
	{
		size_t size = offsets.size();
		ColumnString::Offset_t prev_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			res[i] = negative ^ (offsets[i] == prev_offset);
			prev_offset = offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void constant_array(const Array & data, UInt8 & res)
	{
		res = negative ^ (data.empty());
	}
};


/** Вычисляет длину строки в байтах.
  */
struct LengthImpl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		PODArray<UInt64> & res)
	{
		size_t size = offsets.size();
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
			res[i] = i == 0
				? (offsets[i] - 1)
				: (offsets[i] - 1 - offsets[i - 1]);
	}

	static void vector_fixed_to_constant(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		UInt64 & res)
	{
		res = n;
	}

	static void vector_fixed_to_vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		PODArray<UInt64> & res)
	{
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data, UInt64 & res)
	{
		res = data.size();
	}

	static void array(const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets, PODArray<UInt64> & res)
	{
		size_t size = offsets.size();
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
			res[i] = i == 0
				? (offsets[i])
				: (offsets[i] - offsets[i - 1]);
	}

	static void constant_array(const Array & data, UInt64 & res)
	{
		res = data.size();
	}
};


/** Если строка представляет собой текст в кодировке UTF-8, то возвращает длину текста в кодовых точках.
  * (не в символах: длина текста "ё" может быть как 1, так и 2, в зависимости от нормализации)
  * Иначе - поведение не определено.
  */
struct LengthUTF8Impl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		PODArray<UInt64> & res)
	{
		size_t size = offsets.size();

		ColumnString::Offset_t prev_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			res[i] = 0;
			for (const UInt8 * c = &data[prev_offset]; c + 1 < &data[offsets[i]]; ++c)
				if (*c <= 0x7F || *c >= 0xC0)
					++res[i];
			prev_offset = offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void vector_fixed_to_constant(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		UInt64 & res)
	{
	}

	static void vector_fixed_to_vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		PODArray<UInt64> & res)
	{
		size_t size = data.size() / n;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			res[i] = 0;
			for (const UInt8 * c = &data[i * n]; c < &data[(i + 1) * n]; ++c)
				if (*c <= 0x7F || *c >= 0xC0)
					++res[i];
		}
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data, UInt64 & res)
	{
		res = 0;
		for (const UInt8 * c = reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(data.data()); c < reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(data.data() + data.size()); ++c)
			if (*c <= 0x7F || *c >= 0xC0)
				++res;
	}

	static void array(const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets, PODArray<UInt64> & res)
	{
		throw Exception("Cannot apply function lengthUTF8 to Array argument", ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT);
	}

	static void constant_array(const Array & data, UInt64 & res)
	{
		throw Exception("Cannot apply function lengthUTF8 to Array argument", ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT);
	}
};


template <char not_case_lower_bound, char not_case_upper_bound>
struct LowerUpperImpl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		res_offsets.assign(offsets);
		array(data.data(), data.data() + data.size(), res_data.data());
	}

	static void vector_fixed(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
							 ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		array(data.data(), data.data() + data.size(), res_data.data());
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data, std::string & res_data)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		array(reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(data.data()), reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(data.data() + data.size()),
			  reinterpret_cast<UInt8 *>(&res_data[0]));
	}

private:
	static void array(const UInt8 * src, const UInt8 * src_end, UInt8 * dst)
	{
		const auto bytes_sse = sizeof(__m128i);
		const auto src_end_sse = src_end - (src_end - src) % bytes_sse;

		const auto flip_case_mask = 'A' ^ 'a';

		const auto v_not_case_lower_bound = _mm_set1_epi8(not_case_lower_bound - 1);
		const auto v_not_case_upper_bound = _mm_set1_epi8(not_case_upper_bound + 1);
		const auto v_flip_case_mask = _mm_set1_epi8(flip_case_mask);

		for (; src < src_end_sse; src += bytes_sse, dst += bytes_sse)
		{
			/// load 16 sequential 8-bit characters
			const auto chars = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(src));

			/// find which 8-bit sequences belong to range [case_lower_bound, case_upper_bound]
			const auto is_not_case = _mm_and_si128(_mm_cmpgt_epi8(chars, v_not_case_lower_bound),
												   _mm_cmplt_epi8(chars, v_not_case_upper_bound));

			/// keep `flip_case_mask` only where necessary, zero out elsewhere
			const auto xor_mask = _mm_and_si128(v_flip_case_mask, is_not_case);

			/// flip case by applying calculated mask
			const auto cased_chars = _mm_xor_si128(chars, xor_mask);

			/// store result back to destination
			_mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(dst), cased_chars);
		}

		for (; src < src_end; ++src, ++dst)
			if (*src >= not_case_lower_bound && *src <= not_case_upper_bound)
				*dst = *src ^ flip_case_mask;
			else
				*dst = *src;
	}
};


/// xor or do nothing
template <bool> UInt8 xor_or_identity(const UInt8 c, const int mask) { return c ^ mask; };
template <> inline UInt8 xor_or_identity<false>(const UInt8 c, const int) { return c; }

/// It is caller's responsibility to ensure the presence of a valid cyrillic sequence in array
template <bool to_lower>
inline void UTF8CyrillicToCase(const UInt8 * & src, const UInt8 * const src_end, UInt8 * & dst)
{
	if (src[0] == 0xD0u && (src[1] >= 0x80u && src[1] <= 0x8Fu))
	{
		/// ЀЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЍЎЏ
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<to_lower>(*src++, 0x1);
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<to_lower>(*src++, 0x10);
	}
	else if (src[0] == 0xD1u && (src[1] >= 0x90u && src[1] <= 0x9Fu))
	{
		/// ѐёђѓєѕіїјљњћќѝўџ
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<!to_lower>(*src++, 0x1);
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<!to_lower>(*src++, 0x10);
	}
	else if (src[0] == 0xD0u && (src[1] >= 0x90u && src[1] <= 0x9Fu))
	{
		/// А-П
		*dst++ = *src++;
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<to_lower>(*src++, 0x20);
	}
	else if (src[0] == 0xD0u && (src[1] >= 0xB0u && src[1] <= 0xBFu))
	{
		/// а-п
		*dst++ = *src++;
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<!to_lower>(*src++, 0x20);
	}
	else if (src[0] == 0xD0u && (src[1] >= 0xA0u && src[1] <= 0xAFu))
	{
		///	Р-Я
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<to_lower>(*src++, 0x1);
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<to_lower>(*src++, 0x20);
	}
	else if (src[0] == 0xD1u && (src[1] >= 0x80u && src[1] <= 0x8Fu))
	{
		/// р-я
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<!to_lower>(*src++, 0x1);
		*dst++ = xor_or_identity<!to_lower>(*src++, 0x20);
	}
};

/** Если строка содержит текст в кодировке UTF-8 - перевести его в нижний (верхний) регистр.
  * Замечание: предполагается, что после перевода символа в другой регистр,
  *  длина его мультибайтовой последовательности в UTF-8 не меняется.
  * Иначе - поведение не определено.
  */
template <char not_case_lower_bound, char not_case_upper_bound,
	int to_case(int), void cyrillic_to_case(const UInt8 * &, const UInt8 *, UInt8 * &)>
struct LowerUpperUTF8Impl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
					   ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		res_offsets.assign(offsets);
		array(data.data(), data.data() + data.size(), res_data.data());
	}

	static void vector_fixed(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
							 ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		array(data.data(), data.data() + data.size(), res_data.data());
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data, std::string & res_data)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		array(reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(data.data()), reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(data.data() + data.size()),
			  reinterpret_cast<UInt8 *>(&res_data[0]));
	}

	/** Converts a single code point starting at `src` to desired case, storing result starting at `dst`.
	 *	`src` and `dst` are incremented by corresponding sequence lengths. */
	static void toCase(const UInt8 * & src, const UInt8 * const src_end, UInt8 * & dst)
	{
		if (src[0] <= ascii_upper_bound)
		{
			if (*src >= not_case_lower_bound && *src <= not_case_upper_bound)
				*dst++ = *src++ ^ flip_case_mask;
			else
				*dst++ = *src++;
		}
		else if (src + 1 < src_end &&
				 ((src[0] == 0xD0u && (src[1] >= 0x80u && src[1] <= 0xBFu)) ||
				  (src[0] == 0xD1u && (src[1] >= 0x80u && src[1] <= 0x9Fu))))
		{
			cyrillic_to_case(src, src_end, dst);
		}
		else if (src + 1 < src_end && src[0] == 0xC2u)
		{
			/// Пунктуация U+0080 - U+00BF, UTF-8: C2 80 - C2 BF
			*dst++ = *src++;
			*dst++ = *src++;
		}
		else if (src + 2 < src_end && src[0] == 0xE2u)
		{
			/// Символы U+2000 - U+2FFF, UTF-8: E2 80 80 - E2 BF BF
			*dst++ = *src++;
			*dst++ = *src++;
			*dst++ = *src++;
		}
		else
		{
			static const Poco::UTF8Encoding utf8;

			if (const auto chars = utf8.convert(to_case(utf8.convert(src)), dst, src_end - src))
				src += chars, dst += chars;
			else
				++src, ++dst;
		}
	}

private:
	static constexpr auto ascii_upper_bound = '\x7f';
	static constexpr auto flip_case_mask = 'A' ^ 'a';

	static void array(const UInt8 * src, const UInt8 * src_end, UInt8 * dst)
	{
		const auto bytes_sse = sizeof(__m128i);
		auto src_end_sse = src + (src_end - src) / bytes_sse * bytes_sse;

		/// SSE2 packed comparison operate on signed types, hence compare (c < 0) instead of (c > 0x7f)
		const auto v_zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
		const auto v_not_case_lower_bound = _mm_set1_epi8(not_case_lower_bound - 1);
		const auto v_not_case_upper_bound = _mm_set1_epi8(not_case_upper_bound + 1);
		const auto v_flip_case_mask = _mm_set1_epi8(flip_case_mask);

		while (src < src_end_sse)
		{
			const auto chars = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(src));

			/// check for ASCII
			const auto is_not_ascii = _mm_cmplt_epi8(chars, v_zero);
			const auto mask_is_not_ascii = _mm_movemask_epi8(is_not_ascii);

			/// ASCII
			if (mask_is_not_ascii == 0)
			{
				const auto is_not_case = _mm_and_si128(_mm_cmpgt_epi8(chars, v_not_case_lower_bound),
													   _mm_cmplt_epi8(chars, v_not_case_upper_bound));
				const auto mask_is_not_case = _mm_movemask_epi8(is_not_case);

				/// everything in correct case ASCII
				if (mask_is_not_case == 0)
					_mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(dst), chars);
				else
				{
					/// ASCII in mixed case
					/// keep `flip_case_mask` only where necessary, zero out elsewhere
					const auto xor_mask = _mm_and_si128(v_flip_case_mask, is_not_case);

					/// flip case by applying calculated mask
					const auto cased_chars = _mm_xor_si128(chars, xor_mask);

					/// store result back to destination
					_mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(dst), cased_chars);
				}

				src += bytes_sse, dst += bytes_sse;
			}
			else
			{
				/// UTF-8
				const auto expected_end = src + bytes_sse;

				while (src < expected_end)
					toCase(src, src_end, dst);

				/// adjust src_end_sse by pushing it forward or backward
				const auto diff = src - expected_end;
				if (diff != 0)
				{
					if (src_end_sse + diff < src_end)
						src_end_sse += diff;
					else
						src_end_sse -= bytes_sse - diff;
				}
			}
		}

		/// handle remaining symbols
		while (src < src_end)
			toCase(src, src_end, dst);
	}
};


/** Разворачивает строку в байтах.
  */
struct ReverseImpl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		res_offsets.assign(offsets);
		size_t size = offsets.size();

		ColumnString::Offset_t prev_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			for (size_t j = prev_offset; j < offsets[i] - 1; ++j)
				res_data[j] = data[offsets[i] + prev_offset - 2 - j];
			res_data[offsets[i] - 1] = 0;
			prev_offset = offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void vector_fixed(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		size_t size = data.size() / n;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
			for (size_t j = i * n; j < (i + 1) * n; ++j)
				res_data[j] = data[(i * 2 + 1) * n - j - 1];
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data, std::string & res_data)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		for (size_t j = 0; j < data.size(); ++j)
			res_data[j] = data[data.size() - j - 1];
	}
};


/** Разворачивает последовательность кодовых точек в строке в кодировке UTF-8.
  * Результат может не соответствовать ожидаемому, так как модифицирующие кодовые точки (например, диакритика) могут примениться не к тем символам.
  * Если строка не в кодировке UTF-8, то поведение не определено.
  */
struct ReverseUTF8Impl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());
		res_offsets.assign(offsets);
		size_t size = offsets.size();

		ColumnString::Offset_t prev_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			ColumnString::Offset_t j = prev_offset;
			while (j < offsets[i] - 1)
			{
				if (data[j] < 0xBF)
				{
					res_data[offsets[i] + prev_offset - 2 - j] = data[j];
					j += 1;
				}
				else if (data[j] < 0xE0)
				{
					memcpy(&res_data[offsets[i] + prev_offset - 2 - j - 1], &data[j], 2);
					j += 2;
				}
				else if (data[j] < 0xF0)
				{
					memcpy(&res_data[offsets[i] + prev_offset - 2 - j - 2], &data[j], 3);
					j += 3;
				}
				else
				{
					res_data[offsets[i] + prev_offset - 2 - j] = data[j];
					j += 1;
				}
			}

			res_data[offsets[i] - 1] = 0;
			prev_offset = offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void vector_fixed(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data)
	{
		throw Exception("Cannot apply function reverseUTF8 to fixed string.", ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data, std::string & res_data)
	{
		res_data.resize(data.size());

		size_t j = 0;
		while (j < data.size())
		{
			if (static_cast<unsigned char>(data[j]) < 0xBF)
			{
				res_data[data.size() - 1 - j] = data[j];
				j += 1;
			}
			else if (static_cast<unsigned char>(data[j]) < 0xE0)
			{
				memcpy(&res_data[data.size() - 1 - j - 1], &data[j], 2);
				j += 2;
			}
			else if (static_cast<unsigned char>(data[j]) < 0xF0)
			{
				memcpy(&res_data[data.size() - 1 - j - 2], &data[j], 3);
				j += 3;
			}
			else
			{
				res_data[data.size() - 1 - j] = data[j];
				j += 1;
			}
		}
	}
};


/** Выделяет подстроку в строке, как последовательности байт.
  */
struct SubstringImpl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		size_t start, size_t length,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		res_data.reserve(data.size());
		size_t size = offsets.size();
		res_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t prev_offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t res_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			if (start + prev_offset >= offsets[i] + 1)
			{
				res_data.resize(res_data.size() + 1);
				res_data[res_offset] = 0;
				++res_offset;
			}
			else
			{
				size_t bytes_to_copy = std::min(offsets[i] - prev_offset - start, length);
				res_data.resize(res_data.size() + bytes_to_copy + 1);
				memcpy(&res_data[res_offset], &data[prev_offset + start - 1], bytes_to_copy);
				res_offset += bytes_to_copy + 1;
				res_data[res_offset - 1] = 0;
			}
			res_offsets[i] = res_offset;
			prev_offset = offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void vector_fixed(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, size_t n,
		size_t start, size_t length,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		if (length == 0 || start + length > n + 1)
			throw Exception("Index out of bound for function substring of fixed size value", ErrorCodes::ARGUMENT_OUT_OF_BOUND);

		size_t size = data.size() / n;
		res_offsets.resize(size);
		res_data.resize(length * size + size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t res_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&res_data[res_offset], &data[i * n + start - 1], length);
			res_offset += length;
			res_data[res_offset] = 0;
			++res_offset;
			res_offsets[i] = res_offset;
		}
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data,
		size_t start, size_t length,
		std::string & res_data)
	{
		if (start + length > data.size() + 1)
			throw Exception("Index out of bound for function substring of fixed size value", ErrorCodes::ARGUMENT_OUT_OF_BOUND);

		res_data = data.substr(start - 1, length);
	}
};


/** Если строка в кодировке UTF-8, то выделяет в ней подстроку кодовых точек.
  * Иначе - поведение не определено.
  */
struct SubstringUTF8Impl
{
	static void vector(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets,
		size_t start, size_t length,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		res_data.reserve(data.size());
		size_t size = offsets.size();
		res_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t prev_offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t res_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			ColumnString::Offset_t j = prev_offset;
			ColumnString::Offset_t pos = 1;
			ColumnString::Offset_t bytes_start = 0;
			ColumnString::Offset_t bytes_length = 0;
			while (j < offsets[i] - 1)
			{
				if (pos == start)
					bytes_start = j - prev_offset + 1;

				if (data[j] < 0xBF)
					j += 1;
				else if (data[j] < 0xE0)
					j += 2;
				else if (data[j] < 0xF0)
					j += 3;
				else
					j += 1;

				if (pos >= start && pos < start + length)
					bytes_length = j - prev_offset + 1 - bytes_start;
				else if (pos >= start + length)
					break;

				++pos;
			}

			if (bytes_start == 0)
			{
				res_data.resize(res_data.size() + 1);
				res_data[res_offset] = 0;
				++res_offset;
			}
			else
			{
				size_t bytes_to_copy = std::min(offsets[i] - prev_offset - bytes_start, bytes_length);
				res_data.resize(res_data.size() + bytes_to_copy + 1);
				memcpy(&res_data[res_offset], &data[prev_offset + bytes_start - 1], bytes_to_copy);
				res_offset += bytes_to_copy + 1;
				res_data[res_offset - 1] = 0;
			}
			res_offsets[i] = res_offset;
			prev_offset = offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void vector_fixed(const ColumnString::Chars_t & data, ColumnString::Offset_t n,
		size_t start, size_t length,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & res_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & res_offsets)
	{
		throw Exception("Cannot apply function substringUTF8 to fixed string.", ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
	}

	static void constant(const std::string & data,
		size_t start, size_t length,
		std::string & res_data)
	{
		if (start + length > data.size() + 1)
			throw Exception("Index out of bound for function substring of constant value", ErrorCodes::ARGUMENT_OUT_OF_BOUND);

		ColumnString::Offset_t j = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t pos = 1;
		ColumnString::Offset_t bytes_start = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t bytes_length = 0;
		while (j < data.size())
		{
			if (pos == start)
				bytes_start = j + 1;

			if (static_cast<unsigned char>(data[j]) < 0xBF)
				j += 1;
			else if (static_cast<unsigned char>(data[j]) < 0xE0)
				j += 2;
			else if (static_cast<unsigned char>(data[j]) < 0xF0)
				j += 3;
			else
				j += 1;

			if (pos >= start && pos < start + length)
				bytes_length = j + 1 - bytes_start;
			else if (pos >= start + length)
				break;

			++pos;
		}

		if (bytes_start != 0)
			res_data = data.substr(bytes_start - 1, bytes_length);
	}
};


template <typename Impl, typename Name, typename ResultType>
class FunctionStringOrArrayToT : public IFunction
{
public:
	static constexpr auto name = Name::name;
	static IFunction * create(const Context & context) { return new FunctionStringOrArrayToT; }

	/// Получить имя функции.
	String getName() const override
	{
		return name;
	}

	/// Получить тип результата по типам аргументов. Если функция неприменима для данных аргументов - кинуть исключение.
	DataTypePtr getReturnType(const DataTypes & arguments) const override
	{
		if (arguments.size() != 1)
			throw Exception("Number of arguments for function " + getName() + " doesn't match: passed "
				+ toString(arguments.size()) + ", should be 1.",
				ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH);

		if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeString *>(&*arguments[0]) && !typeid_cast<const DataTypeFixedString *>(&*arguments[0])
			&& !typeid_cast<const DataTypeArray *>(&*arguments[0]))
			throw Exception("Illegal type " + arguments[0]->getName() + " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT);

		return new typename DataTypeFromFieldType<ResultType>::Type;
	}

	/// Выполнить функцию над блоком.
	void execute(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, size_t result) override
	{
		const ColumnPtr column = block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column;
		if (const ColumnString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(&*column))
		{
			ColumnVector<ResultType> * col_res = new ColumnVector<ResultType>;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;

			typename ColumnVector<ResultType>::Container_t & vec_res = col_res->getData();
			vec_res.resize(col->size());
			Impl::vector(col->getChars(), col->getOffsets(), vec_res);
		}
		else if (const ColumnFixedString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(&*column))
		{
			/// Для фиксированной строки, только функция lengthUTF8 возвращает не константу.
			if ("lengthUTF8" != getName())
			{
				ResultType res = 0;
				Impl::vector_fixed_to_constant(col->getChars(), col->getN(), res);

				ColumnConst<ResultType> * col_res = new ColumnConst<ResultType>(col->size(), res);
				block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
			}
			else
			{
				ColumnVector<ResultType> * col_res = new ColumnVector<ResultType>;
				block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;

				typename ColumnVector<ResultType>::Container_t & vec_res = col_res->getData();
				vec_res.resize(col->size());
				Impl::vector_fixed_to_vector(col->getChars(), col->getN(), vec_res);
			}
		}
		else if (const ColumnConstString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(&*column))
		{
			ResultType res = 0;
			Impl::constant(col->getData(), res);

			ColumnConst<ResultType> * col_res = new ColumnConst<ResultType>(col->size(), res);
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
		}
		else if (const ColumnArray * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnArray *>(&*column))
		{
			ColumnVector<ResultType> * col_res = new ColumnVector<ResultType>;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;

			typename ColumnVector<ResultType>::Container_t & vec_res = col_res->getData();
			vec_res.resize(col->size());
			Impl::array(col->getOffsets(), vec_res);
		}
		else if (const ColumnConstArray * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstArray *>(&*column))
		{
			ResultType res = 0;
			Impl::constant_array(col->getData(), res);

			ColumnConst<ResultType> * col_res = new ColumnConst<ResultType>(col->size(), res);
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
		}
		else
		   throw Exception("Illegal column " + block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column->getName()
				+ " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
	}
};


template <typename Impl, typename Name>
class FunctionStringToString : public IFunction
{
public:
	static constexpr auto name = Name::name;
	static IFunction * create(const Context & context) { return new FunctionStringToString; }

	/// Получить имя функции.
	String getName() const override
	{
		return name;
	}

	/// Получить тип результата по типам аргументов. Если функция неприменима для данных аргументов - кинуть исключение.
	DataTypePtr getReturnType(const DataTypes & arguments) const override
	{
		if (arguments.size() != 1)
			throw Exception("Number of arguments for function " + getName() + " doesn't match: passed "
				+ toString(arguments.size()) + ", should be 1.",
				ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH);

		if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeString *>(&*arguments[0]) && !typeid_cast<const DataTypeFixedString *>(&*arguments[0]))
			throw Exception("Illegal type " + arguments[0]->getName() + " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT);

		return arguments[0]->clone();
	}

	/// Выполнить функцию над блоком.
	void execute(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, size_t result) override
	{
		const ColumnPtr column = block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column;
		if (const ColumnString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(&*column))
		{
			ColumnString * col_res = new ColumnString;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
			Impl::vector(col->getChars(), col->getOffsets(),
				col_res->getChars(), col_res->getOffsets());
		}
		else if (const ColumnFixedString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(&*column))
		{
			ColumnFixedString * col_res = new ColumnFixedString(col->getN());
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
			Impl::vector_fixed(col->getChars(), col->getN(),
				col_res->getChars());
		}
		else if (const ColumnConstString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(&*column))
		{
			String res;
			Impl::constant(col->getData(), res);
			ColumnConstString * col_res = new ColumnConstString(col->size(), res);
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
		}
		else
		   throw Exception("Illegal column " + block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column->getName()
				+ " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
	}
};


/// Также работает над массивами.
class FunctionReverse : public IFunction
{
public:
	static constexpr auto name = "reverse";
	static IFunction * create(const Context & context) { return new FunctionReverse; }

	/// Получить имя функции.
	String getName() const override
	{
		return name;
	}

	/// Получить тип результата по типам аргументов. Если функция неприменима для данных аргументов - кинуть исключение.
	DataTypePtr getReturnType(const DataTypes & arguments) const override
	{
		if (arguments.size() != 1)
			throw Exception("Number of arguments for function " + getName() + " doesn't match: passed "
				+ toString(arguments.size()) + ", should be 1.",
				ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH);

		if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeString *>(&*arguments[0]) && !typeid_cast<const DataTypeFixedString *>(&*arguments[0])
			&& !typeid_cast<const DataTypeArray *>(&*arguments[0]))
			throw Exception("Illegal type " + arguments[0]->getName() + " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT);

		return arguments[0]->clone();
	}

	/// Выполнить функцию над блоком.
	void execute(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, size_t result) override
	{
		const ColumnPtr column = block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column;
		if (const ColumnString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(column.get()))
		{
			ColumnString * col_res = new ColumnString;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
			ReverseImpl::vector(col->getChars(), col->getOffsets(),
						 col_res->getChars(), col_res->getOffsets());
		}
		else if (const ColumnFixedString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(column.get()))
		{
			ColumnFixedString * col_res = new ColumnFixedString(col->getN());
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
			ReverseImpl::vector_fixed(col->getChars(), col->getN(),
							   col_res->getChars());
		}
		else if (const ColumnConstString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(column.get()))
		{
			String res;
			ReverseImpl::constant(col->getData(), res);
			ColumnConstString * col_res = new ColumnConstString(col->size(), res);
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
		}
		else if (typeid_cast<const ColumnArray *>(column.get()) || typeid_cast<const ColumnConstArray *>(column.get()))
		{
			FunctionArrayReverse().execute(block, arguments, result);
		}
		else
			throw Exception("Illegal column " + block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column->getName()
				+ " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
	}
};


template <typename Name>
class ConcatImpl : public IFunction
{
public:
	static constexpr auto name = Name::name;
	static IFunction * create(const Context & context) { return new ConcatImpl; }

	/// Получить имя функции.
	String getName() const override
	{
		return name;
	}

	/// Получить тип результата по типам аргументов. Если функция неприменима для данных аргументов - кинуть исключение.
	DataTypePtr getReturnType(const DataTypes & arguments) const override
	{
		if (arguments.size() < 2)
			throw Exception("Number of arguments for function " + getName() + " doesn't match: passed "
				+ toString(arguments.size()) + ", should be at least 1.",
				ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH);

		for (const auto arg_idx : ext::range(0, arguments.size()))
		{
			const auto arg = arguments[arg_idx].get();
			if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeString *>(arg) &&
				!typeid_cast<const DataTypeFixedString *>(arg))
				throw Exception{
					"Illegal type " + arg->getName() + " of argument " + std::to_string(arg_idx + 1) + " of function " + getName(),
					ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT
				};
		}

		return new DataTypeString;
	}

	void execute(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, const size_t result)
	{
		if (arguments.size() == 2)
			executeBinary(block, arguments, result);
		else
			executeNAry(block, arguments, result);
	}

private:
	enum class instr_type : uint8_t
	{
		copy_string,
		copy_fixed_string,
		copy_const_string
	};

	/// column pointer augmented with offset (current offset String/FixedString, unused for Const<String>)
	using column_uint_pair_t = std::pair<const IColumn *, IColumn::Offset_t>;
	/// instr_type is being stored to allow using static_cast safely
	using instr_t = std::pair<instr_type, column_uint_pair_t>;
	using instrs_t = std::vector<instr_t>;

	/** calculate total length of resulting strings (without terminating nulls), determine whether all input
	 *	strings are constant, assemble instructions */
	instrs_t getInstructions(const Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, size_t & out_length, bool & out_const)
	{
		instrs_t result{};
		result.reserve(arguments.size());

		out_length = 0;
		out_const = true;

		size_t rows{};
		for (const auto arg_pos : arguments)
		{
			const auto column = block.getByPosition(arg_pos).column.get();

			if (const auto col = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(column))
			{
				/** ColumnString stores strings with terminating null character
				 *  which should not be copied, therefore the decrease of total size by
				 *	the number of terminating nulls */
				rows = col->size();
				out_length += col->getChars().size() - col->getOffsets().size();
				out_const = false;

				result.emplace_back(instr_type::copy_string, column_uint_pair_t{col, 0});
			}
			else if (const auto col = typeid_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(column))
			{
				rows = col->size();
				out_length += col->getChars().size();
				out_const = false;

				result.emplace_back(instr_type::copy_fixed_string, column_uint_pair_t{col, 0});
			}
			else if (const auto col = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(column))
			{
				rows = col->size();
				out_length += col->getData().size() * col->size();
				out_const = out_const && true;

				result.emplace_back(instr_type::copy_const_string, column_uint_pair_t{col, 0});
			}
			else
				throw Exception("Illegal column " + column->getName() + " of argument of function " + getName(),
					ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
		}

		if (out_const && rows)
			out_length /= rows;

		return result;
	}

	void executeBinary(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, const size_t result)
	{
		const IColumn * c0 = &*block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column;
		const IColumn * c1 = &*block.getByPosition(arguments[1]).column;

		const ColumnString * c0_string = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(c0);
		const ColumnString * c1_string = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(c1);
		const ColumnFixedString * c0_fixed_string = typeid_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(c0);
		const ColumnFixedString * c1_fixed_string = typeid_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(c1);
		const ColumnConstString * c0_const = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(c0);
		const ColumnConstString * c1_const = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(c1);

		/// Результат - const string
		if (c0_const && c1_const)
		{
			ColumnConstString * c_res = new ColumnConstString(c0_const->size(), "");
			block.getByPosition(result).column = c_res;
			constant_constant(c0_const->getData(), c1_const->getData(), c_res->getData());
		}
		else
		{
			ColumnString * c_res = new ColumnString;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = c_res;
			ColumnString::Chars_t & vec_res = c_res->getChars();
			ColumnString::Offsets_t & offsets_res = c_res->getOffsets();

			if (c0_string && c1_string)
				vector_vector(
					c0_string->getChars(), c0_string->getOffsets(),
					c1_string->getChars(), c1_string->getOffsets(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else if (c0_string && c1_fixed_string)
				vector_fixed_vector(
					c0_string->getChars(), c0_string->getOffsets(),
					c1_fixed_string->getChars(), c1_fixed_string->getN(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else if (c0_string && c1_const)
				vector_constant(
					c0_string->getChars(), c0_string->getOffsets(),
					c1_const->getData(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else if (c0_fixed_string && c1_string)
				fixed_vector_vector(
					c0_fixed_string->getChars(), c0_fixed_string->getN(),
					c1_string->getChars(), c1_string->getOffsets(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else if (c0_const && c1_string)
				constant_vector(
					c0_const->getData(),
					c1_string->getChars(), c1_string->getOffsets(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else if (c0_fixed_string && c1_fixed_string)
				fixed_vector_fixed_vector(
					c0_fixed_string->getChars(), c0_fixed_string->getN(),
					c1_fixed_string->getChars(), c1_fixed_string->getN(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else if (c0_fixed_string && c1_const)
				fixed_vector_constant(
					c0_fixed_string->getChars(), c0_fixed_string->getN(),
					c1_const->getData(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else if (c0_const && c1_fixed_string)
				constant_fixed_vector(
					c0_const->getData(),
					c1_fixed_string->getChars(), c1_fixed_string->getN(),
					vec_res, offsets_res);
			else
				throw Exception("Illegal columns "
					+ block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column->getName() + " and "
					+ block.getByPosition(arguments[1]).column->getName()
					+ " of arguments of function " + getName(),
					ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
		}
	}

	void executeNAry(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, const size_t result)
	{
		const auto size = block.rowsInFirstColumn();
		std::size_t result_length{};
		bool result_is_const{};
		auto instrs = getInstructions(block, arguments, result_length, result_is_const);

		if (result_is_const)
		{
			const auto out = new ColumnConst<String>{size, ""};
			block.getByPosition(result).column = out;

			auto & data = out->getData();
			data.reserve(result_length);

			for (const auto & instr : instrs)
				data += static_cast<const ColumnConst<String> *>(instr.second.first)->getData();
		}
		else
		{
			const auto out = new ColumnString{};
			block.getByPosition(result).column = out;

			auto & out_data = out->getChars();
			out_data.resize(result_length + size);

			auto & out_offsets = out->getOffsets();
			out_offsets.resize(size);

			std::size_t out_offset{};

			for (const auto row : ext::range(0, size))
			{
				for (auto & instr : instrs)
				{
					if (instr_type::copy_string == instr.first)
					{
						auto & in_offset = instr.second.second;
						const auto col = static_cast<const ColumnString *>(instr.second.first);
						const auto offset = col->getOffsets()[row];
						const auto length = offset - in_offset - 1;

						memcpy(&out_data[out_offset], &col->getChars()[in_offset], length);
						out_offset += length;
						in_offset = offset;
					}
					else if (instr_type::copy_fixed_string == instr.first)
					{
						auto & in_offset = instr.second.second;
						const auto col = static_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(instr.second.first);
						const auto length = col->getN();

						memcpy(&out_data[out_offset], &col->getChars()[in_offset], length);
						out_offset += length;
						in_offset += length;
					}
					else if (instr_type::copy_const_string == instr.first)
					{
						const auto col = static_cast<const ColumnConst<String> *>(instr.second.first);
						const auto & data = col->getData();
						const auto length = data.size();

						memcpy(&out_data[out_offset], data.data(), length);
						out_offset += length;
					}
					else
						throw std::logic_error{"unknown instr_type"};
				}

				out_data[out_offset] = '\0';
				out_offsets[row] = ++out_offset;
			}
		}
	}

	static void vector_vector(
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & a_data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & a_offsets,
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & b_data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & b_offsets,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = a_offsets.size();
		c_data.resize(a_data.size() + b_data.size() - size);
		c_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t a_offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t b_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &a_data[a_offset], a_offsets[i] - a_offset - 1);
			offset += a_offsets[i] - a_offset - 1;
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &b_data[b_offset], b_offsets[i] - b_offset);
			offset += b_offsets[i] - b_offset;

			a_offset = a_offsets[i];
			b_offset = b_offsets[i];

			c_offsets[i] = offset;
		}
	}

	static void vector_fixed_vector(
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & a_data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & a_offsets,
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & b_data, ColumnString::Offset_t b_n,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = a_offsets.size();
		c_data.resize(a_data.size() + b_data.size());
		c_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t a_offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t b_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &a_data[a_offset], a_offsets[i] - a_offset - 1);
			offset += a_offsets[i] - a_offset - 1;
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &b_data[b_offset], b_n);
			offset += b_n;
			c_data[offset] = 0;
			offset += 1;

			a_offset = a_offsets[i];
			b_offset += b_n;

			c_offsets[i] = offset;
		}
	}

	static void vector_constant(
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & a_data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & a_offsets,
		const std::string & b,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = a_offsets.size();
		c_data.resize(a_data.size() + b.size() * size);
		c_offsets.assign(a_offsets);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
			c_offsets[i] += b.size() * (i + 1);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t a_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &a_data[a_offset], a_offsets[i] - a_offset - 1);
			offset += a_offsets[i] - a_offset - 1;
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], b.data(), b.size() + 1);
			offset += b.size() + 1;

			a_offset = a_offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void fixed_vector_vector(
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & a_data, ColumnString::Offset_t a_n,
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & b_data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & b_offsets,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = b_offsets.size();
		c_data.resize(a_data.size() + b_data.size());
		c_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t a_offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t b_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &a_data[a_offset], a_n);
			offset += a_n;
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &b_data[b_offset], b_offsets[i] - b_offset);
			offset += b_offsets[i] - b_offset;

			a_offset = a_n;
			b_offset = b_offsets[i];

			c_offsets[i] = offset;
		}
	}

	static void fixed_vector_fixed_vector(
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & a_data, ColumnString::Offset_t a_n,
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & b_data, ColumnString::Offset_t b_n,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = a_data.size() / a_n;
		c_data.resize(a_data.size() + b_data.size() + size);
		c_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &a_data[i * a_n], a_n);
			offset += a_n;
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &b_data[i * b_n], b_n);
			offset += b_n;
			c_data[offset] = 0;
			++offset;

			c_offsets[i] = offset;
		}
	}

	static void fixed_vector_constant(
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & a_data, ColumnString::Offset_t a_n,
		const std::string & b,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = a_data.size() / a_n;
		ColumnString::Offset_t b_n = b.size();
		c_data.resize(a_data.size() + size * b_n + size);
		c_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &a_data[i * a_n], a_n);
			offset += a_n;
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], b.data(), b_n);
			offset += b_n;
			c_data[offset] = 0;
			++offset;

			c_offsets[i] = offset;
		}
	}

	static void constant_vector(
		const std::string & a,
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & b_data, const ColumnString::Offsets_t & b_offsets,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = b_offsets.size();
		c_data.resize(b_data.size() + a.size() * size);
		c_offsets.assign(b_offsets);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
			c_offsets[i] += a.size() * (i + 1);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		ColumnString::Offset_t b_offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], a.data(), a.size());
			offset += a.size();
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &b_data[b_offset], b_offsets[i] - b_offset);
			offset += b_offsets[i] - b_offset;

			b_offset = b_offsets[i];
		}
	}

	static void constant_fixed_vector(
		const std::string & a,
		const ColumnString::Chars_t & b_data, ColumnString::Offset_t b_n,
		ColumnString::Chars_t & c_data, ColumnString::Offsets_t & c_offsets)
	{
		size_t size = b_data.size() / b_n;
		ColumnString::Offset_t a_n = a.size();
		c_data.resize(size * a_n + b_data.size() + size);
		c_offsets.resize(size);

		ColumnString::Offset_t offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		{
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], a.data(), a_n);
			offset += a_n;
			memcpy(&c_data[offset], &b_data[i * b_n], b_n);
			offset += b_n;
			c_data[offset] = 0;
			++offset;

			c_offsets[i] = offset;
		}
	}

	static void constant_constant(
		const std::string & a,
		const std::string & b,
		std::string & c)
	{
		c = a + b;
	}
};


template <typename Impl, typename Name>
class FunctionStringNumNumToString : public IFunction
{
public:
	static constexpr auto name = Name::name;
	static IFunction * create(const Context & context) { return new FunctionStringNumNumToString; }

	/// Получить имя функции.
	String getName() const override
	{
		return name;
	}

	/// Получить тип результата по типам аргументов. Если функция неприменима для данных аргументов - кинуть исключение.
	DataTypePtr getReturnType(const DataTypes & arguments) const override
	{
		if (arguments.size() != 3)
			throw Exception("Number of arguments for function " + getName() + " doesn't match: passed "
				+ toString(arguments.size()) + ", should be 3.",
				ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH);

		if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeString *>(&*arguments[0]) && !typeid_cast<const DataTypeFixedString *>(&*arguments[0]))
			throw Exception("Illegal type " + arguments[0]->getName() + " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT);

		if (!arguments[1]->isNumeric() || !arguments[2]->isNumeric())
			throw Exception("Illegal type " + (arguments[1]->isNumeric() ? arguments[2]->getName() : arguments[1]->getName()) + " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT);

		return new DataTypeString;
	}

	/// Выполнить функцию над блоком.
	void execute(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, size_t result) override
	{
		const ColumnPtr column_string = block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column;
		const ColumnPtr column_start = block.getByPosition(arguments[1]).column;
		const ColumnPtr column_length = block.getByPosition(arguments[2]).column;

		if (!column_start->isConst() || !column_length->isConst())
			throw Exception("2nd and 3rd arguments of function " + getName() + " must be constants.");

		FieldVisitorConvertToNumber<UInt64> converter;
		Field start_field = (*block.getByPosition(arguments[1]).column)[0];
		Field length_field = (*block.getByPosition(arguments[2]).column)[0];
		UInt64 start = apply_visitor(converter, start_field);
		UInt64 length = apply_visitor(converter, length_field);

		if (start == 0)
			throw Exception("Second argument of function substring must be greater than 0.", ErrorCodes::ARGUMENT_OUT_OF_BOUND);

		if (const ColumnString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(&*column_string))
		{
			ColumnString * col_res = new ColumnString;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
			Impl::vector(col->getChars(), col->getOffsets(),
				start, length,
				col_res->getChars(), col_res->getOffsets());
		}
		else if (const ColumnFixedString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnFixedString *>(&*column_string))
		{
			ColumnString * col_res = new ColumnString;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
			Impl::vector_fixed(col->getChars(), col->getN(),
				start, length,
				col_res->getChars(), col_res->getOffsets());
		}
		else if (const ColumnConstString * col = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(&*column_string))
		{
			String res;
			Impl::constant(col->getData(), start, length, res);
			ColumnConstString * col_res = new ColumnConstString(col->size(), res);
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;
		}
		else
		   throw Exception("Illegal column " + block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column->getName()
				+ " of first argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN);
	}
};


class FunctionAppendTrailingCharIfAbsent : public IFunction
{
public:
	static constexpr auto name = "appendTrailingCharIfAbsent";
	static IFunction * create(const Context & context) { return new FunctionAppendTrailingCharIfAbsent; }

	String getName() const override
	{
		return name;
	}

private:
	DataTypePtr getReturnType(const DataTypes & arguments) const override
	{
		if (arguments.size() != 2)
			throw Exception{
				"Number of arguments for function " + getName() + " doesn't match: passed "
				+ toString(arguments.size()) + ", should be 2.",
				ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH
			};

		if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeString *>(arguments[0].get()))
			throw Exception{
				"Illegal type " + arguments[0]->getName() + " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT
			};

		if (!typeid_cast<const DataTypeString *>(arguments[1].get()))
			throw Exception{
				"Illegal type " + arguments[1]->getName() + " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT
			};

		return new DataTypeString;
	}

	void execute(Block & block, const ColumnNumbers & arguments, const size_t result)
	{
		const auto & column = block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column;
		const auto & column_char = block.getByPosition(arguments[1]).column;

		if (!typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(column_char.get()))
			throw Exception{
				"Second argument of function " + getName() + " must be a constant string",
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN
			};

		const auto & trailing_char_str = static_cast<const ColumnConstString &>(*column_char).getData();

		if (trailing_char_str.size() != 1)
			throw Exception{
				"Second argument of function " + getName() + " must be a one-character string",
				ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS
			};

		if (const auto col = typeid_cast<const ColumnString *>(&*column))
		{
			auto col_res = new ColumnString;
			block.getByPosition(result).column = col_res;

			const auto & src_data = col->getChars();
			const auto & src_offsets = col->getOffsets();

			auto & dst_data = col_res->getChars();
			auto & dst_offsets = col_res->getOffsets();

			const auto size = src_offsets.size();
			dst_data.resize(src_data.size() + size);
			dst_offsets.resize(size);

			ColumnString::Offset_t src_offset{};
			ColumnString::Offset_t dst_offset{};

			for (const auto i : ext::range(0, size))
			{
				const auto src_length = src_offsets[i] - src_offset;
				memcpy(&dst_data[dst_offset], &src_data[src_offset], src_length);
				src_offset = src_offsets[i];
				dst_offset += src_length;

				if (src_length > 1 && dst_data[dst_offset - 2] != trailing_char_str.front())
				{
					dst_data[dst_offset - 1] = trailing_char_str.front();
					dst_data[dst_offset] = 0;
					++dst_offset;
				}

				dst_offsets[i] = dst_offset;
			}

			dst_data.resize_assume_reserved(dst_offset);
		}
		else if (const auto col = typeid_cast<const ColumnConstString *>(&*column))
		{
			const auto & in_data = col->getData();

			block.getByPosition(result).column = new ColumnConstString{
				col->size(),
				in_data.size() == 0 ? in_data :
					in_data.back() == trailing_char_str.front() ? in_data : in_data + trailing_char_str
			};
		}
		else
			throw Exception{
				"Illegal column " + block.getByPosition(arguments[0]).column->getName()
				+ " of argument of function " + getName(),
				ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_COLUMN
			};
	}
};


struct NameEmpty 			{ static constexpr auto name = "empty"; };
struct NameNotEmpty 		{ static constexpr auto name = "notEmpty"; };
struct NameLength 			{ static constexpr auto name = "length"; };
struct NameLengthUTF8 		{ static constexpr auto name = "lengthUTF8"; };
struct NameLower 			{ static constexpr auto name = "lower"; };
struct NameUpper 			{ static constexpr auto name = "upper"; };
struct NameLowerUTF8		{ static constexpr auto name = "lowerUTF8"; };
struct NameUpperUTF8		{ static constexpr auto name = "upperUTF8"; };
struct NameReverseUTF8		{ static constexpr auto name = "reverseUTF8"; };
struct NameSubstring		{ static constexpr auto name = "substring"; };
struct NameSubstringUTF8	{ static constexpr auto name = "substringUTF8"; };
struct NameConcat			{ static constexpr auto name = "concat"; };
struct NameConcatAssumeInjective	{ static constexpr auto name = "concatAssumeInjective"; };

typedef FunctionStringOrArrayToT<EmptyImpl<false>,		NameEmpty,		UInt8> 	FunctionEmpty;
typedef FunctionStringOrArrayToT<EmptyImpl<true>, 		NameNotEmpty,	UInt8> 	FunctionNotEmpty;
typedef FunctionStringOrArrayToT<LengthImpl, 			NameLength,		UInt64> FunctionLength;
typedef FunctionStringOrArrayToT<LengthUTF8Impl, 		NameLengthUTF8,	UInt64> FunctionLengthUTF8;
typedef FunctionStringToString<LowerUpperImpl<'A', 'Z'>, NameLower>	FunctionLower;
typedef FunctionStringToString<LowerUpperImpl<'a', 'z'>, NameUpper>	FunctionUpper;
typedef FunctionStringToString<
	LowerUpperUTF8Impl<'A', 'Z', Poco::Unicode::toLower, UTF8CyrillicToCase<true>>,
	NameLowerUTF8>	FunctionLowerUTF8;
typedef FunctionStringToString<
	LowerUpperUTF8Impl<'a', 'z', Poco::Unicode::toUpper, UTF8CyrillicToCase<false>>,
	NameUpperUTF8>	FunctionUpperUTF8;
typedef FunctionStringToString<ReverseUTF8Impl,			NameReverseUTF8>		FunctionReverseUTF8;
typedef FunctionStringNumNumToString<SubstringImpl,		NameSubstring>			FunctionSubstring;
typedef FunctionStringNumNumToString<SubstringUTF8Impl,	NameSubstringUTF8>		FunctionSubstringUTF8;
using FunctionConcat = ConcatImpl<NameConcat>;
using FunctionConcatAssumeInjective = ConcatImpl<NameConcatAssumeInjective>;


}