ClickHouse/docs/zh/data_types/decimal.md
Ivan Blinkov 16ca492938
WIP on docs (#3813)
* CLICKHOUSE-4063: less manual html @ index.md

* CLICKHOUSE-4063: recommend markdown="1" in README.md

* CLICKHOUSE-4003: manually purge custom.css for now

* CLICKHOUSE-4064: expand <details> before any print (including to pdf)

* CLICKHOUSE-3927: rearrange interfaces/formats.md a bit

* CLICKHOUSE-3306: add few http headers

* Remove copy-paste introduced in #3392

* Hopefully better chinese fonts #3392

* get rid of tabs @ custom.css

* Apply comments and patch from #3384

* Add jdbc.md to ToC and some translation, though it still looks badly incomplete

* minor punctuation

* Add some backlinks to official website from mirrors that just blindly take markdown sources

* Do not make fonts extra light

* find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's//g' {}

* find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's/ sql/g' {}

* Remove outdated stuff from roadmap.md

* Not so light font on front page too

* Refactor Chinese formats.md to match recent changes in other languages

* Update some links on front page

* Remove some outdated comment

* Add twitter link to front page

* More front page links tuning

* Add Amsterdam meetup link

* Smaller font to avoid second line

* Add Amsterdam link to README.md

* Proper docs nav translation

* Back to 300 font-weight except Chinese

* fix docs build

* Update Amsterdam link

* remove symlinks

* more zh punctuation

* apply lost comment by @zhang2014

* Apply comments by @zhang2014 from #3417

* Remove Beijing link

* rm incorrect symlink

* restore content of docs/zh/operations/table_engines/index.md

* CLICKHOUSE-3751: stem terms while searching docs

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* CLICKHOUSE-4135 fix

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* couple markup fixes

* minor

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* Update links

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* Add clickhouse-hdfs-loader link

* Some introduction for "interfaces" section

* Rewrite tcp.md

* http_interface.md -> http.md

* fix link

* Remove unconvenient error for now

* try to guess anchor instead of failing

* remove symlink

* Remove outdated info from introduction

* remove ru roadmap.md

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* Update roadmap.md

* lost file

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* Sync "Functions" ToC section with en

* Remove reference to pretty old ClickHouse release from docs

* couple lost symlinks in fa

* Close quote in proper place

* Rewrite en/getting_started/index.md

* Sync en<>ru getting_started/index.md

* minor changes

* Some gui.md refactoring

* Translate DataGrip section to ru

* Translate DataGrip section to zh

* Translate DataGrip section to fa

* Translate DBeaver section to fa

* Translate DBeaver section to zh

* Split third-party GUI to open-source and commercial

* Mention some RDBMS integrations + ad-hoc translation fixes

* Add rel="external nofollow" to outgoing links from docs

* Lost blank lines

* Fix class name

* More rel="external nofollow"

* Apply suggestions by @sundy-li

* Mobile version of front page improvements

* test

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* Update LICENSE

* minor docs fix

* Highlight current article as suggested by @sundy-li

* fix link destination

* Introduce backup.md (only "en" for now)

* Mention INSERT+SELECT in backup.md

* Some improvements for replication.md

* Add backup.md to toc

* Mention clickhouse-backup tool

* Mention LightHouse in third-party GUI list

* Introduce interfaces/third-party/proxy.md

* Add clickhouse-bulk to proxy.md

* Major extension of integrations.md contents

* fix link target

* remove unneeded file

* better toc item name

* fix markdown

* better ru punctuation

* Add yet another possible backup approach

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* Support non-eng link anchors in docs + update some deps

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* Remove anchors to top of pages

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* build fixes

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2018-12-12 20:28:00 +03:00

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# Decimal(P, S), Decimal32(S), Decimal64(S), Decimal128(S)
有符号的定点数,可在加、减和乘法运算过程中保持精度。对于除法,最低有效数字会被丢弃(不舍入)。
## 参数
- P - 精度。有效范围:[1:38],决定可以有多少个十进制数字(包括分数)。
- S - 规模。有效范围:[0P],决定数字的小数部分中包含的小数位数。
对于不同的 P 参数值 Decimal 表示,以下例子都是同义的:
- P from [ 1 : 9 ] - for Decimal32(S)
- P from [ 10 : 18 ] - for Decimal64(S)
- P from [ 19 : 38 ] - for Decimal128(S)
## 十进制值范围
- Decimal32(S) - ( -1 * 10^(9 - S), 1 * 10^(9 - S) )
- Decimal64(S) - ( -1 * 10^(18 - S), 1 * 10^(18 - S) )
- Decimal128(S) - ( -1 * 10^(38 - S), 1 * 10^(38 - S) )
例如Decimal32(4) 可以表示 -99999.9999 至 99999.9999 的数值步长为0.0001。
## 内部表示方式
数据采用与自身位宽相同的有符号整数存储。这个数在内存中实际范围会高于上述范围,从 String 转换到十进制数的时候会做对应的检查。
由于现代CPU不支持128位数字因此 Decimal128 上的操作由软件模拟。所以 Decimal128 的运算速度明显慢于 Decimal32/Decimal64。
## 运算和结果类型
对Decimal的二进制运算导致更宽的结果类型无论参数的顺序如何
- Decimal64(S1) <op> Decimal32(S2) -> Decimal64(S)
- Decimal128(S1) <op> Decimal32(S2) -> Decimal128(S)
- Decimal128(S1) <op> Decimal64(S2) -> Decimal128(S)
精度变化的规则:
- 加法减法S = max(S1, S2)。
- 乘法S = S1 + S2。
- 除法S = S1。
对于 Decimal 和整数之间的类似操作,结果是与参数大小相同的十进制。
未定义Decimal和Float32/Float64之间的函数。要执行此类操作您可以使用toDecimal32、toDecimal64、toDecimal128 或 toFloat32toFloat64需要显式地转换其中一个参数。注意结果将失去精度类型转换是昂贵的操作。
Decimal上的一些函数返回结果为Float64例如var或stddev。对于其中一些中间计算发生在Decimal中。对于此类函数尽管结果类型相同但Float64和Decimal中相同数据的结果可能不同。
## 溢出检查
在对 Decimal 类型执行操作时,数值可能会发生溢出。分数中的过多数字被丢弃(不是舍入的)。整数中的过多数字将导致异常。
```
SELECT toDecimal32(2, 4) AS x, x / 3
```
```
┌──────x─┬─divide(toDecimal32(2, 4), 3)─┐
│ 2.0000 │ 0.6666 │
└────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
```
```
SELECT toDecimal32(4.2, 8) AS x, x * x
```
```
DB::Exception: Scale is out of bounds.
```
```
SELECT toDecimal32(4.2, 8) AS x, 6 * x
```
```
DB::Exception: Decimal math overflow.
```
检查溢出会导致计算变慢。如果已知溢出不可能,则可以通过设置`decimal_check_overflow`来禁用溢出检查,在这种情况下,溢出将导致结果不正确:
```
SET decimal_check_overflow = 0;
SELECT toDecimal32(4.2, 8) AS x, 6 * x
```
```
┌──────────x─┬─multiply(6, toDecimal32(4.2, 8))─┐
│ 4.20000000 │ -17.74967296 │
└────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
```
溢出检查不仅发生在算术运算上,还发生在比较运算上:
```
SELECT toDecimal32(1, 8) < 100
```
```
DB::Exception: Can't compare.
```