ClickHouse/docs/en/sql_reference/operators.md
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---
toc_priority: 37
toc_title: Operators
---
# Operators {#operators}
ClickHouse transforms operators to their corresponding functions at the query parsing stage according to their priority, precedence, and associativity.
## Access Operators {#access-operators}
`a[N]` Access to an element of an array. The `arrayElement(a, N)` function.
`a.N` Access to a tuple element. The `tupleElement(a, N)` function.
## Numeric Negation Operator {#numeric-negation-operator}
`-a` The `negate (a)` function.
## Multiplication and Division Operators {#multiplication-and-division-operators}
`a * b` The `multiply (a, b)` function.
`a / b` The `divide(a, b)` function.
`a % b` The `modulo(a, b)` function.
## Addition and Subtraction Operators {#addition-and-subtraction-operators}
`a + b` The `plus(a, b)` function.
`a - b` The `minus(a, b)` function.
## Comparison Operators {#comparison-operators}
`a = b` The `equals(a, b)` function.
`a == b` The `equals(a, b)` function.
`a != b` The `notEquals(a, b)` function.
`a <> b` The `notEquals(a, b)` function.
`a <= b` The `lessOrEquals(a, b)` function.
`a >= b` The `greaterOrEquals(a, b)` function.
`a < b` The `less(a, b)` function.
`a > b` The `greater(a, b)` function.
`a LIKE s` The `like(a, b)` function.
`a NOT LIKE s` The `notLike(a, b)` function.
`a BETWEEN b AND c` The same as `a >= b AND a <= c`.
`a NOT BETWEEN b AND c` The same as `a < b OR a > c`.
## Operators for Working with Data Sets {#operators-for-working-with-data-sets}
*See [IN operators](statements/select.md#select-in-operators).*
`a IN ...` The `in(a, b)` function.
`a NOT IN ...` The `notIn(a, b)` function.
`a GLOBAL IN ...` The `globalIn(a, b)` function.
`a GLOBAL NOT IN ...` The `globalNotIn(a, b)` function.
## Operators for Working with Dates and Times {#operators-datetime}
### EXTRACT {#operator-extract}
``` sql
EXTRACT(part FROM date);
```
Extract parts from a given date. For example, you can retrieve a month from a given date, or a second from a time.
The `part` parameter specifies which part of the date to retrieve. The following values are available:
- `DAY` — The day of the month. Possible values: 131.
- `MONTH` — The number of a month. Possible values: 112.
- `YEAR` — The year.
- `SECOND` — The second. Possible values: 059.
- `MINUTE` — The minute. Possible values: 059.
- `HOUR` — The hour. Possible values: 023.
The `part` parameter is case-insensitive.
The `date` parameter specifies the date or the time to process. Either [Date](../sql_reference/data_types/date.md) or [DateTime](../sql_reference/data_types/datetime.md) type is supported.
Examples:
``` sql
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM toDate('2017-06-15'));
```
In the following example we create a table and insert into it a value with the `DateTime` type.
``` sql
CREATE TABLE test.Orders
(
OrderId UInt64,
OrderName String,
OrderDate DateTime
)
ENGINE = Log;
```
``` sql
INSERT INTO test.Orders VALUES (1, 'Jarlsberg Cheese', toDateTime('2008-10-11 13:23:44'));
```
``` sql
SELECT
toYear(OrderDate) AS OrderYear,
toMonth(OrderDate) AS OrderMonth,
toDayOfMonth(OrderDate) AS OrderDay,
toHour(OrderDate) AS OrderHour,
toMinute(OrderDate) AS OrderMinute,
toSecond(OrderDate) AS OrderSecond
FROM test.Orders;
```
``` text
┌─OrderYear─┬─OrderMonth─┬─OrderDay─┬─OrderHour─┬─OrderMinute─┬─OrderSecond─┐
│ 2008 │ 10 │ 11 │ 13 │ 23 │ 44 │
└───────────┴────────────┴──────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘
```
You can see more examples in [tests](https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/blob/master/tests/queries/0_stateless/00619_extract.sql).
### INTERVAL {#operator-interval}
Creates an [Interval](../sql_reference/data_types/special_data_types/interval.md)-type value that should be used in arithmetical operations with [Date](../sql_reference/data_types/date.md) and [DateTime](../sql_reference/data_types/datetime.md)-type values.
Types of intervals:
- `SECOND`
- `MINUTE`
- `HOUR`
- `DAY`
- `WEEK`
- `MONTH`
- `QUARTER`
- `YEAR`
!!! warning "Warning"
Intervals with different types cant be combined. You cant use expressions like `INTERVAL 4 DAY 1 HOUR`. Specify intervals in units that are smaller or equal to the smallest unit of the interval, for example, `INTERVAL 25 HOUR`. You can use consecutive operations, like in the example below.
Example:
``` sql
SELECT now() AS current_date_time, current_date_time + INTERVAL 4 DAY + INTERVAL 3 HOUR
```
``` text
┌───current_date_time─┬─plus(plus(now(), toIntervalDay(4)), toIntervalHour(3))─┐
│ 2019-10-23 11:16:28 │ 2019-10-27 14:16:28 │
└─────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
**See Also**
- [Interval](../sql_reference/data_types/special_data_types/interval.md) data type
- [toInterval](../sql_reference/functions/type_conversion_functions.md#function-tointerval) type convertion functions
## Logical Negation Operator {#logical-negation-operator}
`NOT a` The `not(a)` function.
## Logical AND Operator {#logical-and-operator}
`a AND b` The`and(a, b)` function.
## Logical OR Operator {#logical-or-operator}
`a OR b` The `or(a, b)` function.
## Conditional Operator {#conditional-operator}
`a ? b : c` The `if(a, b, c)` function.
Note:
The conditional operator calculates the values of b and c, then checks whether condition a is met, and then returns the corresponding value. If `b` or `C` is an [arrayJoin()](../sql_reference/functions/array_join.md#functions_arrayjoin) function, each row will be replicated regardless of the “a” condition.
## Conditional Expression {#operator_case}
``` sql
CASE [x]
WHEN a THEN b
[WHEN ... THEN ...]
[ELSE c]
END
```
If `x` is specified, then `transform(x, [a, ...], [b, ...], c)` function is used. Otherwise `multiIf(a, b, ..., c)`.
If there is no `ELSE c` clause in the expression, the default value is `NULL`.
The `transform` function does not work with `NULL`.
## Concatenation Operator {#concatenation-operator}
`s1 || s2` The `concat(s1, s2) function.`
## Lambda Creation Operator {#lambda-creation-operator}
`x -> expr` The `lambda(x, expr) function.`
The following operators do not have a priority since they are brackets:
## Array Creation Operator {#array-creation-operator}
`[x1, ...]` The `array(x1, ...) function.`
## Tuple Creation Operator {#tuple-creation-operator}
`(x1, x2, ...)` The `tuple(x2, x2, ...) function.`
## Associativity {#associativity}
All binary operators have left associativity. For example, `1 + 2 + 3` is transformed to `plus(plus(1, 2), 3)`.
Sometimes this doesnt work the way you expect. For example, `SELECT 4 > 2 > 3` will result in 0.
For efficiency, the `and` and `or` functions accept any number of arguments. The corresponding chains of `AND` and `OR` operators are transformed into a single call of these functions.
## Checking for `NULL` {#checking-for-null}
ClickHouse supports the `IS NULL` and `IS NOT NULL` operators.
### IS NULL {#operator-is-null}
- For [Nullable](../sql_reference/data_types/nullable.md) type values, the `IS NULL` operator returns:
- `1`, if the value is `NULL`.
- `0` otherwise.
- For other values, the `IS NULL` operator always returns `0`.
<!-- -->
``` sql
SELECT x+100 FROM t_null WHERE y IS NULL
```
``` text
┌─plus(x, 100)─┐
│ 101 │
└──────────────┘
```
### IS NOT NULL {#is-not-null}
- For [Nullable](../sql_reference/data_types/nullable.md) type values, the `IS NOT NULL` operator returns:
- `0`, if the value is `NULL`.
- `1` otherwise.
- For other values, the `IS NOT NULL` operator always returns `1`.
<!-- -->
``` sql
SELECT * FROM t_null WHERE y IS NOT NULL
```
``` text
┌─x─┬─y─┐
│ 2 │ 3 │
└───┴───┘
```
[Original article](https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/query_language/operators/) <!--hide-->