ClickHouse/docs/zh/data_types/decimal.md
Ivan Blinkov 16ca492938
WIP on docs (#3813)
* CLICKHOUSE-4063: less manual html @ index.md

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2018-12-12 20:28:00 +03:00

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Decimal(P, S), Decimal32(S), Decimal64(S), Decimal128(S)

有符号的定点数,可在加、减和乘法运算过程中保持精度。对于除法,最低有效数字会被丢弃(不舍入)。

参数

  • P - 精度。有效范围:[1:38],决定可以有多少个十进制数字(包括分数)。
  • S - 规模。有效范围:[0P],决定数字的小数部分中包含的小数位数。

对于不同的 P 参数值 Decimal 表示,以下例子都是同义的:

  • P from [ 1 : 9 ] - for Decimal32(S)
  • P from [ 10 : 18 ] - for Decimal64(S)
  • P from [ 19 : 38 ] - for Decimal128(S)

十进制值范围

  • Decimal32(S) - ( -1 * 10^(9 - S), 1 * 10^(9 - S) )
  • Decimal64(S) - ( -1 * 10^(18 - S), 1 * 10^(18 - S) )
  • Decimal128(S) - ( -1 * 10^(38 - S), 1 * 10^(38 - S) )

例如Decimal32(4) 可以表示 -99999.9999 至 99999.9999 的数值步长为0.0001。

内部表示方式

数据采用与自身位宽相同的有符号整数存储。这个数在内存中实际范围会高于上述范围,从 String 转换到十进制数的时候会做对应的检查。

由于现代CPU不支持128位数字因此 Decimal128 上的操作由软件模拟。所以 Decimal128 的运算速度明显慢于 Decimal32/Decimal64。

运算和结果类型

对Decimal的二进制运算导致更宽的结果类型无论参数的顺序如何

  • Decimal64(S1) Decimal32(S2) -> Decimal64(S)
  • Decimal128(S1) Decimal32(S2) -> Decimal128(S)
  • Decimal128(S1) Decimal64(S2) -> Decimal128(S)

精度变化的规则:

  • 加法减法S = max(S1, S2)。
  • 乘法S = S1 + S2。
  • 除法S = S1。

对于 Decimal 和整数之间的类似操作,结果是与参数大小相同的十进制。

未定义Decimal和Float32/Float64之间的函数。要执行此类操作您可以使用toDecimal32、toDecimal64、toDecimal128 或 toFloat32toFloat64需要显式地转换其中一个参数。注意结果将失去精度类型转换是昂贵的操作。

Decimal上的一些函数返回结果为Float64例如var或stddev。对于其中一些中间计算发生在Decimal中。对于此类函数尽管结果类型相同但Float64和Decimal中相同数据的结果可能不同。

溢出检查

在对 Decimal 类型执行操作时,数值可能会发生溢出。分数中的过多数字被丢弃(不是舍入的)。整数中的过多数字将导致异常。

SELECT toDecimal32(2, 4) AS x, x / 3
┌──────x─┬─divide(toDecimal32(2, 4), 3)─┐
│ 2.0000 │                       0.6666 │
└────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
SELECT toDecimal32(4.2, 8) AS x, x * x
DB::Exception: Scale is out of bounds.
SELECT toDecimal32(4.2, 8) AS x, 6 * x
DB::Exception: Decimal math overflow.

检查溢出会导致计算变慢。如果已知溢出不可能,则可以通过设置decimal_check_overflow来禁用溢出检查,在这种情况下,溢出将导致结果不正确:

SET decimal_check_overflow = 0;
SELECT toDecimal32(4.2, 8) AS x, 6 * x
┌──────────x─┬─multiply(6, toDecimal32(4.2, 8))─┐
│ 4.20000000 │                     -17.74967296 │
└────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘

溢出检查不仅发生在算术运算上,还发生在比较运算上:

SELECT toDecimal32(1, 8) < 100
DB::Exception: Can't compare.