ClickHouse/docs/zh/query_language/insert_into.md
Ivan Blinkov 16ca492938
WIP on docs (#3813)
* CLICKHOUSE-4063: less manual html @ index.md

* CLICKHOUSE-4063: recommend markdown="1" in README.md

* CLICKHOUSE-4003: manually purge custom.css for now

* CLICKHOUSE-4064: expand <details> before any print (including to pdf)

* CLICKHOUSE-3927: rearrange interfaces/formats.md a bit

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* Remove copy-paste introduced in #3392

* Hopefully better chinese fonts #3392

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* find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's//g' {}

* find . -name '*.md' -type f | xargs -I{} perl -pi -e 's/ sql/g' {}

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2018-12-12 20:28:00 +03:00

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## INSERT
INSERT查询主要用于向系统中添加数据.
查询的基本格式:
``` sql
INSERT INTO [db.]table [(c1, c2, c3)] VALUES (v11, v12, v13), (v21, v22, v23), ...
```
您可以在查询中指定插入的列的列表,如:`[(c1, c2, c3)]`。对于存在于表结构中但不存在于插入列表中的列,它们将会按照如下方式填充数据:
- 如果存在`DEFAULT`表达式,根据`DEFAULT`表达式计算被填充的值。
- 如果没有定义`DEFAULT`表达式,则填充零或空字符串。
如果[strict_insert_defaults=1](../operations/settings/settings.md),你必须在查询中列出所有没有定义`DEFAULT`表达式的列。
数据可以以ClickHouse支持的任何[输入输出格式](../interfaces/formats.md#formats)传递给INSERT。格式的名称必须显示的指定在查询中
``` sql
INSERT INTO [db.]table [(c1, c2, c3)] FORMAT format_name data_set
```
例如下面的查询所使用的输入格式就与上面INSERT ... VALUES的中使用的输入格式相同
``` sql
INSERT INTO [db.]table [(c1, c2, c3)] FORMAT Values (v11, v12, v13), (v21, v22, v23), ...
```
ClickHouse会清除数据前所有的空白字符与一行摘要信息如果需要的话。所以在进行查询时我们建议您将数据放入到输入输出格式名称后的新的一行中去如果数据是以空白字符开始的这将非常重要
示例:
``` sql
INSERT INTO t FORMAT TabSeparated
11 Hello, world!
22 Qwerty
```
在使用命令行客户端或HTTP客户端时你可以将具体的查询语句与数据分开发送。更多具体信息请参考“[客户端](../interfaces/index.md#interfaces)”部分。
### 使用`SELECT`的结果写入
``` sql
INSERT INTO [db.]table [(c1, c2, c3)] SELECT ...
```
写入与SELECT的列的对应关系是使用位置来进行对应的尽管它们在SELECT表达式与INSERT中的名称可能是不同的。如果需要会对它们执行对应的类型转换。
除了VALUES格式之外其他格式中的数据都不允许出现诸如`now()``1 + 2`等表达式。VALUES格式允许您有限度的使用这些表达式但是不建议您这么做因为执行这些表达式总是低效的。
系统不支持的其他用于修改数据的查询:`UPDATE`, `DELETE`, `REPLACE`, `MERGE`, `UPSERT`, `INSERT UPDATE`
但是,您可以使用 `ALTER TABLE ... DROP PARTITION`查询来删除一些旧的数据。
### 性能的注意事项
在进行`INSERT`时将会对写入的数据进行一些处理,按照主键排序,按照月份对数据进行分区等。所以如果在您的写入数据中包含多个月份的混合数据时,将会显著的降低`INSERT`的性能。为了避免这种情况:
- 数据总是以尽量大的batch进行写入如每次写入100,000行。
- 数据在写入ClickHouse前预先的对数据进行分组。
在以下的情况下,性能不会下降:
- 数据总是被实时的写入。
- 写入的数据已经按照时间排序。
[来源文章](https://clickhouse.yandex/docs/en/query_language/insert_into/) <!--hide-->