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1192 lines
38 KiB
Markdown
1192 lines
38 KiB
Markdown
---
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toc_priority: 39
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toc_title: Dates and Times
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---
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# Functions for Working with Dates and Times {#functions-for-working-with-dates-and-times}
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Support for time zones.
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All functions for working with the date and time that have a logical use for the time zone can accept a second optional time zone argument. Example: Asia/Yekaterinburg. In this case, they use the specified time zone instead of the local (default) one.
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``` sql
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SELECT
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toDateTime('2016-06-15 23:00:00') AS time,
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toDate(time) AS date_local,
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toDate(time, 'Asia/Yekaterinburg') AS date_yekat,
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toString(time, 'US/Samoa') AS time_samoa
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```
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``` text
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┌────────────────time─┬─date_local─┬─date_yekat─┬─time_samoa──────────┐
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│ 2016-06-15 23:00:00 │ 2016-06-15 │ 2016-06-16 │ 2016-06-15 09:00:00 │
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└─────────────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴─────────────────────┘
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```
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## timeZone {#timezone}
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Returns the timezone of the server.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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timeZone()
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```
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Alias: `timezone`.
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**Returned value**
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- Timezone.
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Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
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## toTimeZone {#totimezone}
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Converts time or date and time to the specified time zone. The time zone is an attribute of the `Date` and `DateTime` data types. The internal value (number of seconds) of the table field or of the resultset's column does not change, the column's type changes and its string representation changes accordingly.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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toTimezone(value, timezone)
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```
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Alias: `toTimezone`.
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**Arguments**
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- `value` — Time or date and time. [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
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- `timezone` — Timezone for the returned value. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
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**Returned value**
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- Date and time.
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Type: [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
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**Example**
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT toDateTime('2019-01-01 00:00:00', 'UTC') AS time_utc,
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toTypeName(time_utc) AS type_utc,
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toInt32(time_utc) AS int32utc,
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toTimeZone(time_utc, 'Asia/Yekaterinburg') AS time_yekat,
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toTypeName(time_yekat) AS type_yekat,
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toInt32(time_yekat) AS int32yekat,
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toTimeZone(time_utc, 'US/Samoa') AS time_samoa,
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toTypeName(time_samoa) AS type_samoa,
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toInt32(time_samoa) AS int32samoa
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FORMAT Vertical;
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```
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Result:
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```text
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Row 1:
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──────
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time_utc: 2019-01-01 00:00:00
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type_utc: DateTime('UTC')
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int32utc: 1546300800
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time_yekat: 2019-01-01 05:00:00
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type_yekat: DateTime('Asia/Yekaterinburg')
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int32yekat: 1546300800
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time_samoa: 2018-12-31 13:00:00
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type_samoa: DateTime('US/Samoa')
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int32samoa: 1546300800
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```
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`toTimeZone(time_utc, 'Asia/Yekaterinburg')` changes the `DateTime('UTC')` type to `DateTime('Asia/Yekaterinburg')`. The value (Unixtimestamp) 1546300800 stays the same, but the string representation (the result of the toString() function) changes from `time_utc: 2019-01-01 00:00:00` to `time_yekat: 2019-01-01 05:00:00`.
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## timeZoneOf {#timezoneof}
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Returns the timezone name of [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) or [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md) data types.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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timeZoneOf(value)
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```
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Alias: `timezoneOf`.
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**Arguments**
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- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) or [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
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**Returned value**
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- Timezone name.
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Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
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**Example**
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT timezoneOf(now());
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─timezoneOf(now())─┐
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│ Etc/UTC │
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└───────────────────┘
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```
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## timeZoneOffset {#timezoneoffset}
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Returns a timezone offset in seconds from [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time). The function takes into account [daylight saving time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time) and historical timezone changes at the specified date and time.
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[IANA timezone database](https://www.iana.org/time-zones) is used to calculate the offset.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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timeZoneOffset(value)
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```
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Alias: `timezoneOffset`.
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**Arguments**
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- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) or [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
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**Returned value**
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- Offset from UTC in seconds.
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Type: [Int32](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Example**
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT toDateTime('2021-04-21 10:20:30', 'America/New_York') AS Time, toTypeName(Time) AS Type,
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timeZoneOffset(Time) AS Offset_in_seconds, (Offset_in_seconds / 3600) AS Offset_in_hours;
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌────────────────Time─┬─Type─────────────────────────┬─Offset_in_seconds─┬─Offset_in_hours─┐
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│ 2021-04-21 10:20:30 │ DateTime('America/New_York') │ -14400 │ -4 │
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└─────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────────┘
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```
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## toYear {#toyear}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt16 number containing the year number (AD).
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Alias: `YEAR`.
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## toQuarter {#toquarter}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the quarter number.
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Alias: `QUARTER`.
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## toMonth {#tomonth}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the month number (1-12).
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Alias: `MONTH`.
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## toDayOfYear {#todayofyear}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt16 number containing the number of the day of the year (1-366).
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Alias: `DAYOFYEAR`.
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## toDayOfMonth {#todayofmonth}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the day of the month (1-31).
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Aliases: `DAYOFMONTH`, `DAY`.
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## toDayOfWeek {#todayofweek}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the day of the week (Monday is 1, and Sunday is 7).
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Alias: `DAYOFWEEK`.
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## toHour {#tohour}
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Converts a date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the hour in 24-hour time (0-23).
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This function assumes that if clocks are moved ahead, it is by one hour and occurs at 2 a.m., and if clocks are moved back, it is by one hour and occurs at 3 a.m. (which is not always true – even in Moscow the clocks were twice changed at a different time).
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Alias: `HOUR`.
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## toMinute {#tominute}
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Converts a date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the minute of the hour (0-59).
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Alias: `MINUTE`.
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## toSecond {#tosecond}
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Converts a date with time to a UInt8 number containing the number of the second in the minute (0-59).
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Leap seconds are not accounted for.
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Alias: `SECOND`.
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## toUnixTimestamp {#to-unix-timestamp}
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For DateTime argument: converts value to the number with type UInt32 -- Unix Timestamp (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time).
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For String argument: converts the input string to the datetime according to the timezone (optional second argument, server timezone is used by default) and returns the corresponding unix timestamp.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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toUnixTimestamp(datetime)
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toUnixTimestamp(str, [timezone])
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```
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**Returned value**
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- Returns the unix timestamp.
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Type: `UInt32`.
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**Example**
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Query:
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``` sql
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SELECT toUnixTimestamp('2017-11-05 08:07:47', 'Asia/Tokyo') AS unix_timestamp
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─unix_timestamp─┐
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│ 1509836867 │
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└────────────────┘
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```
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!!! attention "Attention"
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The return type `toStartOf*` functions described below is `Date` or `DateTime`. Though these functions can take `DateTime64` as an argument, passing them a `DateTime64` that is out of normal range (years 1970 - 2105) will give incorrect result.
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## toStartOfYear {#tostartofyear}
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Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of the year.
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Returns the date.
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## toStartOfISOYear {#tostartofisoyear}
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Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of ISO year.
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Returns the date.
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## toStartOfQuarter {#tostartofquarter}
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Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of the quarter.
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The first day of the quarter is either 1 January, 1 April, 1 July, or 1 October.
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Returns the date.
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## toStartOfMonth {#tostartofmonth}
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Rounds down a date or date with time to the first day of the month.
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Returns the date.
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!!! attention "Attention"
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The behavior of parsing incorrect dates is implementation specific. ClickHouse may return zero date, throw an exception or do “natural” overflow.
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## toMonday {#tomonday}
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Rounds down a date or date with time to the nearest Monday.
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Returns the date.
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## toStartOfWeek(t\[,mode\]) {#tostartofweektmode}
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Rounds down a date or date with time to the nearest Sunday or Monday by mode.
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Returns the date.
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The mode argument works exactly like the mode argument to toWeek(). For the single-argument syntax, a mode value of 0 is used.
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## toStartOfDay {#tostartofday}
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Rounds down a date with time to the start of the day.
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## toStartOfHour {#tostartofhour}
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Rounds down a date with time to the start of the hour.
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## toStartOfMinute {#tostartofminute}
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Rounds down a date with time to the start of the minute.
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## toStartOfSecond {#tostartofsecond}
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Truncates sub-seconds.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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toStartOfSecond(value[, timezone])
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
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- `timezone` — [Timezone](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) for the returned value (optional). If not specified, the function uses the timezone of the `value` parameter. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
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**Returned value**
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- Input value without sub-seconds.
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Type: [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
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**Examples**
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Query without timezone:
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``` sql
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WITH toDateTime64('2020-01-01 10:20:30.999', 3) AS dt64
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SELECT toStartOfSecond(dt64);
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌───toStartOfSecond(dt64)─┐
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│ 2020-01-01 10:20:30.000 │
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└─────────────────────────┘
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```
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Query with timezone:
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``` sql
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WITH toDateTime64('2020-01-01 10:20:30.999', 3) AS dt64
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SELECT toStartOfSecond(dt64, 'Europe/Moscow');
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```
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Result:
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``` text
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┌─toStartOfSecond(dt64, 'Europe/Moscow')─┐
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│ 2020-01-01 13:20:30.000 │
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└────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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**See also**
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- [Timezone](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) server configuration parameter.
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## toStartOfFiveMinute {#tostartoffiveminute}
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Rounds down a date with time to the start of the five-minute interval.
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## toStartOfTenMinutes {#tostartoftenminutes}
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Rounds down a date with time to the start of the ten-minute interval.
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## toStartOfFifteenMinutes {#tostartoffifteenminutes}
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Rounds down the date with time to the start of the fifteen-minute interval.
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## toStartOfInterval(time_or_data, INTERVAL x unit \[, time_zone\]) {#tostartofintervaltime-or-data-interval-x-unit-time-zone}
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This is a generalization of other functions named `toStartOf*`. For example,
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`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 1 year)` returns the same as `toStartOfYear(t)`,
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`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 1 month)` returns the same as `toStartOfMonth(t)`,
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`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 1 day)` returns the same as `toStartOfDay(t)`,
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`toStartOfInterval(t, INTERVAL 15 minute)` returns the same as `toStartOfFifteenMinutes(t)` etc.
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## toTime {#totime}
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Converts a date with time to a certain fixed date, while preserving the time.
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## toRelativeYearNum {#torelativeyearnum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the year, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toRelativeQuarterNum {#torelativequarternum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the quarter, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toRelativeMonthNum {#torelativemonthnum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the month, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toRelativeWeekNum {#torelativeweeknum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the week, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toRelativeDayNum {#torelativedaynum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the day, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toRelativeHourNum {#torelativehournum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the hour, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toRelativeMinuteNum {#torelativeminutenum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the minute, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toRelativeSecondNum {#torelativesecondnum}
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Converts a date with time or date to the number of the second, starting from a certain fixed point in the past.
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## toISOYear {#toisoyear}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt16 number containing the ISO Year number.
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## toISOWeek {#toisoweek}
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Converts a date or date with time to a UInt8 number containing the ISO Week number.
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## toWeek(date\[,mode\]) {#toweekdatemode}
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This function returns the week number for date or datetime. The two-argument form of toWeek() enables you to specify whether the week starts on Sunday or Monday and whether the return value should be in the range from 0 to 53 or from 1 to 53. If the mode argument is omitted, the default mode is 0.
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`toISOWeek()`is a compatibility function that is equivalent to `toWeek(date,3)`.
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The following table describes how the mode argument works.
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| Mode | First day of week | Range | Week 1 is the first week … |
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|------|-------------------|-------|-------------------------------|
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| 0 | Sunday | 0-53 | with a Sunday in this year |
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| 1 | Monday | 0-53 | with 4 or more days this year |
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||
| 2 | Sunday | 1-53 | with a Sunday in this year |
|
||
| 3 | Monday | 1-53 | with 4 or more days this year |
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| 4 | Sunday | 0-53 | with 4 or more days this year |
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||
| 5 | Monday | 0-53 | with a Monday in this year |
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| 6 | Sunday | 1-53 | with 4 or more days this year |
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| 7 | Monday | 1-53 | with a Monday in this year |
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| 8 | Sunday | 1-53 | contains January 1 |
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||
| 9 | Monday | 1-53 | contains January 1 |
|
||
|
||
For mode values with a meaning of “with 4 or more days this year,” weeks are numbered according to ISO 8601:1988:
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||
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- If the week containing January 1 has 4 or more days in the new year, it is week 1.
|
||
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- Otherwise, it is the last week of the previous year, and the next week is week 1.
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For mode values with a meaning of “contains January 1”, the week contains January 1 is week 1. It doesn’t matter how many days in the new year the week contained, even if it contained only one day.
|
||
|
||
``` sql
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toWeek(date, [, mode][, Timezone])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `date` – Date or DateTime.
|
||
- `mode` – Optional parameter, Range of values is \[0,9\], default is 0.
|
||
- `Timezone` – Optional parameter, it behaves like any other conversion function.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
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||
SELECT toDate('2016-12-27') AS date, toWeek(date) AS week0, toWeek(date,1) AS week1, toWeek(date,9) AS week9;
|
||
```
|
||
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||
``` text
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||
┌───────date─┬─week0─┬─week1─┬─week9─┐
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||
│ 2016-12-27 │ 52 │ 52 │ 1 │
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└────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## toYearWeek(date\[,mode\]) {#toyearweekdatemode}
|
||
|
||
Returns year and week for a date. The year in the result may be different from the year in the date argument for the first and the last week of the year.
|
||
|
||
The mode argument works exactly like the mode argument to toWeek(). For the single-argument syntax, a mode value of 0 is used.
|
||
|
||
`toISOYear()`is a compatibility function that is equivalent to `intDiv(toYearWeek(date,3),100)`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT toDate('2016-12-27') AS date, toYearWeek(date) AS yearWeek0, toYearWeek(date,1) AS yearWeek1, toYearWeek(date,9) AS yearWeek9;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌───────date─┬─yearWeek0─┬─yearWeek1─┬─yearWeek9─┐
|
||
│ 2016-12-27 │ 201652 │ 201652 │ 201701 │
|
||
└────────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## date\_trunc {#date_trunc}
|
||
|
||
Truncates date and time data to the specified part of date.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
date_trunc(unit, value[, timezone])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `dateTrunc`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `unit` — The type of interval to truncate the result. [String Literal](../syntax.md#syntax-string-literal).
|
||
Possible values:
|
||
|
||
- `second`
|
||
- `minute`
|
||
- `hour`
|
||
- `day`
|
||
- `week`
|
||
- `month`
|
||
- `quarter`
|
||
- `year`
|
||
|
||
- `value` — Date and time. [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) or [DateTime64](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime64.md).
|
||
- `timezone` — [Timezone name](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) for the returned value (optional). If not specified, the function uses the timezone of the `value` parameter. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Value, truncated to the specified part of date.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Datetime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query without timezone:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT now(), date_trunc('hour', now());
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌───────────────now()─┬─date_trunc('hour', now())─┐
|
||
│ 2020-09-28 10:40:45 │ 2020-09-28 10:00:00 │
|
||
└─────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Query with the specified timezone:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT now(), date_trunc('hour', now(), 'Europe/Moscow');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```text
|
||
┌───────────────now()─┬─date_trunc('hour', now(), 'Europe/Moscow')─┐
|
||
│ 2020-09-28 10:46:26 │ 2020-09-28 13:00:00 │
|
||
└─────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**See Also**
|
||
|
||
- [toStartOfInterval](#tostartofintervaltime-or-data-interval-x-unit-time-zone)
|
||
|
||
## date\_add {#date_add}
|
||
|
||
Adds the time interval or date interval to the provided date or date with time.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
date_add(unit, value, date)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Aliases: `dateAdd`, `DATE_ADD`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `unit` — The type of interval to add. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
Possible values:
|
||
|
||
- `second`
|
||
- `minute`
|
||
- `hour`
|
||
- `day`
|
||
- `week`
|
||
- `month`
|
||
- `quarter`
|
||
- `year`
|
||
|
||
- `value` — Value of interval to add. [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
- `date` — The date or date with time to which `value` is added. [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
Date or date with time obtained by adding `value`, expressed in `unit`, to `date`.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT date_add(YEAR, 3, toDate('2018-01-01'));
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```text
|
||
┌─plus(toDate('2018-01-01'), toIntervalYear(3))─┐
|
||
│ 2021-01-01 │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## date\_diff {#date_diff}
|
||
|
||
Returns the difference between two dates or dates with time values.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
date_diff('unit', startdate, enddate, [timezone])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Aliases: `dateDiff`, `DATE_DIFF`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `unit` — The type of interval for result. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
Possible values:
|
||
|
||
- `second`
|
||
- `minute`
|
||
- `hour`
|
||
- `day`
|
||
- `week`
|
||
- `month`
|
||
- `quarter`
|
||
- `year`
|
||
|
||
- `startdate` — The first time value to subtract (the subtrahend). [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
- `enddate` — The second time value to subtract from (the minuend). [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
- `timezone` — [Timezone name](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) (optional). If specified, it is applied to both `startdate` and `enddate`. If not specified, timezones of `startdate` and `enddate` are used. If they are not the same, the result is unspecified. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
Difference between `enddate` and `startdate` expressed in `unit`.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT dateDiff('hour', toDateTime('2018-01-01 22:00:00'), toDateTime('2018-01-02 23:00:00'));
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─dateDiff('hour', toDateTime('2018-01-01 22:00:00'), toDateTime('2018-01-02 23:00:00'))─┐
|
||
│ 25 │
|
||
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## date\_sub {#date_sub}
|
||
|
||
Subtracts the time interval or date interval from the provided date or date with time.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
date_sub(unit, value, date)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Aliases: `dateSub`, `DATE_SUB`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `unit` — The type of interval to subtract. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
Possible values:
|
||
|
||
- `second`
|
||
- `minute`
|
||
- `hour`
|
||
- `day`
|
||
- `week`
|
||
- `month`
|
||
- `quarter`
|
||
- `year`
|
||
|
||
- `value` — Value of interval to subtract. [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
- `date` — The date or date with time from which `value` is subtracted. [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
Date or date with time obtained by subtracting `value`, expressed in `unit`, from `date`.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT date_sub(YEAR, 3, toDate('2018-01-01'));
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─minus(toDate('2018-01-01'), toIntervalYear(3))─┐
|
||
│ 2015-01-01 │
|
||
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## timestamp\_add {#timestamp_add}
|
||
|
||
Adds the specified time value with the provided date or date time value.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
timestamp_add(date, INTERVAL value unit)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Aliases: `timeStampAdd`, `TIMESTAMP_ADD`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `date` — Date or date with time. [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
- `value` — Value of interval to add. [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
- `unit` — The type of interval to add. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
Possible values:
|
||
|
||
- `second`
|
||
- `minute`
|
||
- `hour`
|
||
- `day`
|
||
- `week`
|
||
- `month`
|
||
- `quarter`
|
||
- `year`
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
Date or date with time with the specified `value` expressed in `unit` added to `date`.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
select timestamp_add(toDate('2018-01-01'), INTERVAL 3 MONTH);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```text
|
||
┌─plus(toDate('2018-01-01'), toIntervalMonth(3))─┐
|
||
│ 2018-04-01 │
|
||
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## timestamp\_sub {#timestamp_sub}
|
||
|
||
Subtracts the time interval from the provided date or date with time.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
timestamp_sub(unit, value, date)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Aliases: `timeStampSub`, `TIMESTAMP_SUB`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `unit` — The type of interval to subtract. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
Possible values:
|
||
|
||
- `second`
|
||
- `minute`
|
||
- `hour`
|
||
- `day`
|
||
- `week`
|
||
- `month`
|
||
- `quarter`
|
||
- `year`
|
||
|
||
- `value` — Value of interval to subtract. [Int](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
- `date` — Date or date with time. [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
Date or date with time obtained by subtracting `value`, expressed in `unit`, from `date`.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Date](../../sql-reference/data-types/date.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
select timestamp_sub(MONTH, 5, toDateTime('2018-12-18 01:02:03'));
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```text
|
||
┌─minus(toDateTime('2018-12-18 01:02:03'), toIntervalMonth(5))─┐
|
||
│ 2018-07-18 01:02:03 │
|
||
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## now {#now}
|
||
|
||
Returns the current date and time.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
now([timezone])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `timezone` — [Timezone name](../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-timezone) for the returned value (optional). [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Current date and time.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Datetime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query without timezone:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT now();
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌───────────────now()─┐
|
||
│ 2020-10-17 07:42:09 │
|
||
└─────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Query with the specified timezone:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT now('Europe/Moscow');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─now('Europe/Moscow')─┐
|
||
│ 2020-10-17 10:42:23 │
|
||
└──────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## today {#today}
|
||
|
||
Accepts zero arguments and returns the current date at one of the moments of request execution.
|
||
The same as ‘toDate(now())’.
|
||
|
||
## yesterday {#yesterday}
|
||
|
||
Accepts zero arguments and returns yesterday’s date at one of the moments of request execution.
|
||
The same as ‘today() - 1’.
|
||
|
||
## timeSlot {#timeslot}
|
||
|
||
Rounds the time to the half hour.
|
||
This function is specific to Yandex.Metrica, since half an hour is the minimum amount of time for breaking a session into two sessions if a tracking tag shows a single user’s consecutive pageviews that differ in time by strictly more than this amount. This means that tuples (the tag ID, user ID, and time slot) can be used to search for pageviews that are included in the corresponding session.
|
||
|
||
## toYYYYMM {#toyyyymm}
|
||
|
||
Converts a date or date with time to a UInt32 number containing the year and month number (YYYY \* 100 + MM).
|
||
|
||
## toYYYYMMDD {#toyyyymmdd}
|
||
|
||
Converts a date or date with time to a UInt32 number containing the year and month number (YYYY \* 10000 + MM \* 100 + DD).
|
||
|
||
## toYYYYMMDDhhmmss {#toyyyymmddhhmmss}
|
||
|
||
Converts a date or date with time to a UInt64 number containing the year and month number (YYYY \* 10000000000 + MM \* 100000000 + DD \* 1000000 + hh \* 10000 + mm \* 100 + ss).
|
||
|
||
## addYears, addMonths, addWeeks, addDays, addHours, addMinutes, addSeconds, addQuarters {#addyears-addmonths-addweeks-adddays-addhours-addminutes-addseconds-addquarters}
|
||
|
||
Function adds a Date/DateTime interval to a Date/DateTime and then return the Date/DateTime. For example:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
WITH
|
||
toDate('2018-01-01') AS date,
|
||
toDateTime('2018-01-01 00:00:00') AS date_time
|
||
SELECT
|
||
addYears(date, 1) AS add_years_with_date,
|
||
addYears(date_time, 1) AS add_years_with_date_time
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─add_years_with_date─┬─add_years_with_date_time─┐
|
||
│ 2019-01-01 │ 2019-01-01 00:00:00 │
|
||
└─────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## subtractYears, subtractMonths, subtractWeeks, subtractDays, subtractHours, subtractMinutes, subtractSeconds, subtractQuarters {#subtractyears-subtractmonths-subtractweeks-subtractdays-subtracthours-subtractminutes-subtractseconds-subtractquarters}
|
||
|
||
Function subtract a Date/DateTime interval to a Date/DateTime and then return the Date/DateTime. For example:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
WITH
|
||
toDate('2019-01-01') AS date,
|
||
toDateTime('2019-01-01 00:00:00') AS date_time
|
||
SELECT
|
||
subtractYears(date, 1) AS subtract_years_with_date,
|
||
subtractYears(date_time, 1) AS subtract_years_with_date_time
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─subtract_years_with_date─┬─subtract_years_with_date_time─┐
|
||
│ 2018-01-01 │ 2018-01-01 00:00:00 │
|
||
└──────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## timeSlots(StartTime, Duration,\[, Size\]) {#timeslotsstarttime-duration-size}
|
||
|
||
For a time interval starting at ‘StartTime’ and continuing for ‘Duration’ seconds, it returns an array of moments in time, consisting of points from this interval rounded down to the ‘Size’ in seconds. ‘Size’ is an optional parameter: a constant UInt32, set to 1800 by default.
|
||
For example, `timeSlots(toDateTime('2012-01-01 12:20:00'), 600) = [toDateTime('2012-01-01 12:00:00'), toDateTime('2012-01-01 12:30:00')]`.
|
||
This is necessary for searching for pageviews in the corresponding session.
|
||
|
||
## formatDateTime {#formatdatetime}
|
||
|
||
Formats a Time according to the given Format string. Format is a constant expression, so you cannot have multiple formats for a single result column.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
formatDateTime(Time, Format\[, Timezone\])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Returned value(s)**
|
||
|
||
Returnes time and date values according to the determined format.
|
||
|
||
**Replacement fields**
|
||
Using replacement fields, you can define a pattern for the resulting string. “Example” column shows formatting result for `2018-01-02 22:33:44`.
|
||
|
||
| Placeholder | Description | Example |
|
||
|----------|---------------------------------------------------------|------------|
|
||
| %C | year divided by 100 and truncated to integer (00-99) | 20 |
|
||
| %d | day of the month, zero-padded (01-31) | 02 |
|
||
| %D | Short MM/DD/YY date, equivalent to %m/%d/%y | 01/02/18 |
|
||
| %e | day of the month, space-padded ( 1-31) | 2 |
|
||
| %F | short YYYY-MM-DD date, equivalent to %Y-%m-%d | 2018-01-02 |
|
||
| %G | four-digit year format for ISO week number, calculated from the week-based year [defined by the ISO 8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Week_dates) standard, normally useful only with %V | 2018 |
|
||
| %g | two-digit year format, aligned to ISO 8601, abbreviated from four-digit notation | 18 |
|
||
| %H | hour in 24h format (00-23) | 22 |
|
||
| %I | hour in 12h format (01-12) | 10 |
|
||
| %j | day of the year (001-366) | 002 |
|
||
| %m | month as a decimal number (01-12) | 01 |
|
||
| %M | minute (00-59) | 33 |
|
||
| %n | new-line character (‘’) | |
|
||
| %p | AM or PM designation | PM |
|
||
| %Q | Quarter (1-4) | 1 |
|
||
| %R | 24-hour HH:MM time, equivalent to %H:%M | 22:33 |
|
||
| %S | second (00-59) | 44 |
|
||
| %t | horizontal-tab character (’) | |
|
||
| %T | ISO 8601 time format (HH:MM:SS), equivalent to %H:%M:%S | 22:33:44 |
|
||
| %u | ISO 8601 weekday as number with Monday as 1 (1-7) | 2 |
|
||
| %V | ISO 8601 week number (01-53) | 01 |
|
||
| %w | weekday as a decimal number with Sunday as 0 (0-6) | 2 |
|
||
| %y | Year, last two digits (00-99) | 18 |
|
||
| %Y | Year | 2018 |
|
||
| %% | a % sign | % |
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT formatDateTime(toDate('2010-01-04'), '%g')
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
┌─formatDateTime(toDate('2010-01-04'), '%g')─┐
|
||
│ 10 │
|
||
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## FROM\_UNIXTIME {#fromunixfime}
|
||
|
||
Function converts Unix timestamp to a calendar date and a time of a day. When there is only a single argument of [Integer](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) type, it acts in the same way as [toDateTime](../../sql-reference/functions/type-conversion-functions.md#todatetime) and return [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md) type.
|
||
|
||
**Example:**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(423543535);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```text
|
||
┌─FROM_UNIXTIME(423543535)─┐
|
||
│ 1983-06-04 10:58:55 │
|
||
└──────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
When there are two arguments: first is an [Integer](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md) or [DateTime](../../sql-reference/data-types/datetime.md), second is a constant format string — it acts in the same way as [formatDateTime](#formatdatetime) and return [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md#string) type.
|
||
|
||
For example:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1234334543, '%Y-%m-%d %R:%S') AS DateTime;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```text
|
||
┌─DateTime────────────┐
|
||
│ 2009-02-11 14:42:23 │
|
||
└─────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## toModifiedJulianDay {#tomodifiedjulianday}
|
||
|
||
Converts a [Proleptic Gregorian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar) date in text form `YYYY-MM-DD` to a [Modified Julian Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day#Variants) number in Int32. This function supports date from `0000-01-01` to `9999-12-31`. It raises an exception if the argument cannot be parsed as a date, or the date is invalid.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
toModifiedJulianDay(date)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `date` — Date in text form. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Modified Julian Day number.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Int32](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT toModifiedJulianDay('2020-01-01');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─toModifiedJulianDay('2020-01-01')─┐
|
||
│ 58849 │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## toModifiedJulianDayOrNull {#tomodifiedjuliandayornull}
|
||
|
||
Similar to [toModifiedJulianDay()](#tomodifiedjulianday), but instead of raising exceptions it returns `NULL`.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
toModifiedJulianDayOrNull(date)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `date` — Date in text form. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Modified Julian Day number.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Nullable(Int32)](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT toModifiedJulianDayOrNull('2020-01-01');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─toModifiedJulianDayOrNull('2020-01-01')─┐
|
||
│ 58849 │
|
||
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## fromModifiedJulianDay {#frommodifiedjulianday}
|
||
|
||
Converts a [Modified Julian Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day#Variants) number to a [Proleptic Gregorian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar) date in text form `YYYY-MM-DD`. This function supports day number from `-678941` to `2973119` (which represent 0000-01-01 and 9999-12-31 respectively). It raises an exception if the day number is outside of the supported range.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
fromModifiedJulianDay(day)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `day` — Modified Julian Day number. [Any integral types](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Date in text form.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT fromModifiedJulianDay(58849);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─fromModifiedJulianDay(58849)─┐
|
||
│ 2020-01-01 │
|
||
└──────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull {#frommodifiedjuliandayornull}
|
||
|
||
Similar to [fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull()](#frommodifiedjuliandayornull), but instead of raising exceptions it returns `NULL`.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull(day)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `day` — Modified Julian Day number. [Any integral types](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Date in text form.
|
||
|
||
Type: [Nullable(String)](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull(58849);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─fromModifiedJulianDayOrNull(58849)─┐
|
||
│ 2020-01-01 │
|
||
└────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|