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2191 lines
53 KiB
Markdown
2191 lines
53 KiB
Markdown
---
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slug: /en/sql-reference/functions/string-functions
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sidebar_position: 170
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sidebar_label: Strings
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---
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import VersionBadge from '@theme/badges/VersionBadge';
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# Functions for Working with Strings
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Functions for [searching](string-search-functions.md) in strings and for [replacing](string-replace-functions.md) in strings are described separately.
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## empty
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Checks whether the input string is empty.
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A string is considered non-empty if it contains at least one byte, even if this byte is a space or the null byte.
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The function is also available for [arrays](array-functions.md#function-empty) and [UUIDs](uuid-functions.md#empty).
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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empty(x)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `x` — Input value. [String](../data-types/string.md).
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**Returned value**
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- Returns `1` for an empty string or `0` for a non-empty string.
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Type: [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Example**
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```sql
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SELECT empty('');
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```
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Result:
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```result
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┌─empty('')─┐
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│ 1 │
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└───────────┘
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```
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## notEmpty
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Checks whether the input string is non-empty.
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A string is considered non-empty if it contains at least one byte, even if this byte is a space or the null byte.
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The function is also available for [arrays](array-functions.md#function-notempty) and [UUIDs](uuid-functions.md#notempty).
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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notEmpty(x)
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `x` — Input value. [String](../data-types/string.md).
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**Returned value**
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- Returns `1` for a non-empty string or `0` for an empty string string.
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Type: [UInt8](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Example**
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```sql
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SELECT notEmpty('text');
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```
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Result:
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```result
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┌─notEmpty('text')─┐
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│ 1 │
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└──────────────────┘
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```
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## length
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Returns the length of a string in bytes rather than in characters or Unicode code points. The function also works for arrays.
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Alias: `OCTET_LENGTH`
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**Syntax**
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```sql
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length(s)
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```
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**Parameters**
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- `s`: An input string or array. [String](../data-types/string)/[Array](../data-types/array).
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**Returned value**
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- Length of the string or array `s` in bytes. [UInt64](../data-types/int-uint).
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**Example**
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT length('Hello, world!');
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```
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Result:
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```response
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┌─length('Hello, world!')─┐
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│ 13 │
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└─────────────────────────┘
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```
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT length([1, 2, 3, 4]);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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┌─length([1, 2, 3, 4])─┐
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│ 4 │
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└──────────────────────┘
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```
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## lengthUTF8
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Returns the length of a string in Unicode code points rather than in bytes or characters. It assumes that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
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Aliases:
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- `CHAR_LENGTH`
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- `CHARACTER_LENGTH`
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**Syntax**
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```sql
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lengthUTF8(s)
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```
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**Parameters**
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- `s`: String containing valid UTF-8 encoded text. [String](../data-types/string).
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**Returned value**
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- Length of the string `s` in Unicode code points. [UInt64](../data-types/int-uint.md).
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**Example**
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT lengthUTF8('Здравствуй, мир!');
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```
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Result:
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```response
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┌─lengthUTF8('Здравствуй, мир!')─┐
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│ 16 │
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└────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## left
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Returns a substring of string `s` with a specified `offset` starting from the left.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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left(s, offset)
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```
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**Parameters**
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- `s`: The string to calculate a substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
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- `offset`: The number of bytes of the offset. [UInt*](../data-types/int-uint).
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**Returned value**
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- For positive `offset`: A substring of `s` with `offset` many bytes, starting from the left of the string.
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- For negative `offset`: A substring of `s` with `length(s) - |offset|` bytes, starting from the left of the string.
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- An empty string if `length` is 0.
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**Example**
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT left('Hello', 3);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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Hel
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```
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT left('Hello', -3);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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He
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```
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## leftUTF8
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Returns a substring of a UTF-8 encoded string `s` with a specified `offset` starting from the left.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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leftUTF8(s, offset)
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```
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**Parameters**
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- `s`: The UTF-8 encoded string to calculate a substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
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- `offset`: The number of bytes of the offset. [UInt*](../data-types/int-uint).
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**Returned value**
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- For positive `offset`: A substring of `s` with `offset` many bytes, starting from the left of the string.
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- For negative `offset`: A substring of `s` with `length(s) - |offset|` bytes, starting from the left of the string.
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- An empty string if `length` is 0.
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**Example**
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT leftUTF8('Привет', 4);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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Прив
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```
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT leftUTF8('Привет', -4);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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Пр
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```
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## leftPad
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Pads a string from the left with spaces or with a specified string (multiple times, if needed) until the resulting string reaches the specified `length`.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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leftPad(string, length[, pad_string])
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```
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Alias: `LPAD`
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**Arguments**
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- `string` — Input string that should be padded. [String](../data-types/string.md).
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- `length` — The length of the resulting string. [UInt or Int](../data-types/int-uint.md). If the value is smaller than the input string length, then the input string is shortened to `length` characters.
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- `pad_string` — The string to pad the input string with. [String](../data-types/string.md). Optional. If not specified, then the input string is padded with spaces.
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**Returned value**
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- A left-padded string of the given length.
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Type: [String](../data-types/string.md).
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**Example**
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``` sql
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SELECT leftPad('abc', 7, '*'), leftPad('def', 7);
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```
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Result:
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```result
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┌─leftPad('abc', 7, '*')─┬─leftPad('def', 7)─┐
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│ ****abc │ def │
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└────────────────────────┴───────────────────┘
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```
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## leftPadUTF8
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Pads the string from the left with spaces or a specified string (multiple times, if needed) until the resulting string reaches the given length. Unlike [leftPad](#leftpad) which measures the string length in bytes, the string length is measured in code points.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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leftPadUTF8(string, length[, pad_string])
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```
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**Arguments**
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- `string` — Input string that should be padded. [String](../data-types/string.md).
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- `length` — The length of the resulting string. [UInt or Int](../data-types/int-uint.md). If the value is smaller than the input string length, then the input string is shortened to `length` characters.
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- `pad_string` — The string to pad the input string with. [String](../data-types/string.md). Optional. If not specified, then the input string is padded with spaces.
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**Returned value**
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- A left-padded string of the given length.
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Type: [String](../data-types/string.md).
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**Example**
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``` sql
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SELECT leftPadUTF8('абвг', 7, '*'), leftPadUTF8('дежз', 7);
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```
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Result:
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```result
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┌─leftPadUTF8('абвг', 7, '*')─┬─leftPadUTF8('дежз', 7)─┐
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│ ***абвг │ дежз │
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└─────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┘
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```
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## right
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Returns a substring of string `s` with a specified `offset` starting from the right.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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right(s, offset)
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```
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**Parameters**
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- `s`: The string to calculate a substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
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- `offset`: The number of bytes of the offset. [UInt*](../data-types/int-uint).
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**Returned value**
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||
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- For positive `offset`: A substring of `s` with `offset` many bytes, starting from the right of the string.
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- For negative `offset`: A substring of `s` with `length(s) - |offset|` bytes, starting from the right of the string.
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- An empty string if `length` is 0.
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**Example**
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT right('Hello', 3);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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llo
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```
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT right('Hello', -3);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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lo
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```
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## rightUTF8
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Returns a substring of UTF-8 encoded string `s` with a specified `offset` starting from the right.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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rightUTF8(s, offset)
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```
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**Parameters**
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- `s`: The UTF-8 encoded string to calculate a substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
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- `offset`: The number of bytes of the offset. [UInt*](../data-types/int-uint).
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**Returned value**
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||
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- For positive `offset`: A substring of `s` with `offset` many bytes, starting from the right of the string.
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- For negative `offset`: A substring of `s` with `length(s) - |offset|` bytes, starting from the right of the string.
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- An empty string if `length` is 0.
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**Example**
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT rightUTF8('Привет', 4);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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ивет
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```
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Query:
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```sql
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SELECT rightUTF8('Привет', -4);
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```
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Result:
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```response
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ет
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```
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## rightPad
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Pads a string from the right with spaces or with a specified string (multiple times, if needed) until the resulting string reaches the specified `length`.
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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rightPad(string, length[, pad_string])
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```
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Alias: `RPAD`
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**Arguments**
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- `string` — Input string that should be padded. [String](../data-types/string.md).
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- `length` — The length of the resulting string. [UInt or Int](../data-types/int-uint.md). If the value is smaller than the input string length, then the input string is shortened to `length` characters.
|
||
- `pad_string` — The string to pad the input string with. [String](../data-types/string.md). Optional. If not specified, then the input string is padded with spaces.
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**Returned value**
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- A left-padded string of the given length.
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Type: [String](../data-types/string.md).
|
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|
||
**Example**
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``` sql
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SELECT rightPad('abc', 7, '*'), rightPad('abc', 7);
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```
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Result:
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```result
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┌─rightPad('abc', 7, '*')─┬─rightPad('abc', 7)─┐
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│ abc**** │ abc │
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└─────────────────────────┴────────────────────┘
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```
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## rightPadUTF8
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Pads the string from the right with spaces or a specified string (multiple times, if needed) until the resulting string reaches the given length. Unlike [rightPad](#rightpad) which measures the string length in bytes, the string length is measured in code points.
|
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**Syntax**
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``` sql
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rightPadUTF8(string, length[, pad_string])
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```
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**Arguments**
|
||
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- `string` — Input string that should be padded. [String](../data-types/string.md).
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||
- `length` — The length of the resulting string. [UInt or Int](../data-types/int-uint.md). If the value is smaller than the input string length, then the input string is shortened to `length` characters.
|
||
- `pad_string` — The string to pad the input string with. [String](../data-types/string.md). Optional. If not specified, then the input string is padded with spaces.
|
||
|
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**Returned value**
|
||
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- A right-padded string of the given length.
|
||
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Type: [String](../data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
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``` sql
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SELECT rightPadUTF8('абвг', 7, '*'), rightPadUTF8('абвг', 7);
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```
|
||
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Result:
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||
|
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```result
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┌─rightPadUTF8('абвг', 7, '*')─┬─rightPadUTF8('абвг', 7)─┐
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│ абвг*** │ абвг │
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└──────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘
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```
|
||
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## lower
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||
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Converts the ASCII Latin symbols in a string to lowercase.
|
||
|
||
*Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
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lower(input)
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||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `lcase`
|
||
|
||
**Parameters**
|
||
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||
- `input`: A string type [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type value.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT lower('CLICKHOUSE');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```response
|
||
┌─lower('CLICKHOUSE')─┐
|
||
│ clickhouse │
|
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└─────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## upper
|
||
|
||
Converts the ASCII Latin symbols in a string to uppercase.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
upper(input)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `ucase`
|
||
|
||
**Parameters**
|
||
|
||
- `input`: A string type [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type value.
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT upper('clickhouse');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
``` response
|
||
┌─upper('clickhouse')─┐
|
||
│ CLICKHOUSE │
|
||
└─────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## lowerUTF8
|
||
|
||
Converts a string to lowercase, assuming that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
Does not detect the language, e.g. for Turkish the result might not be exactly correct (i/İ vs. i/I).
|
||
|
||
If the length of the UTF-8 byte sequence is different for upper and lower case of a code point, the result may be incorrect for this code point.
|
||
|
||
## upperUTF8
|
||
|
||
Converts a string to uppercase, assuming that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
Does not detect the language, e.g. for Turkish the result might not be exactly correct (i/İ vs. i/I).
|
||
|
||
If the length of the UTF-8 byte sequence is different for upper and lower case of a code point, the result may be incorrect for this code point.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
upperUTF8(input)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Parameters**
|
||
|
||
- `input`: A string type [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A [String](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type value.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT upperUTF8('München') as Upperutf8;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
``` response
|
||
┌─Upperutf8─┐
|
||
│ MÜNCHEN │
|
||
└───────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## isValidUTF8
|
||
|
||
Returns 1, if the set of bytes constitutes valid UTF-8-encoded text, otherwise 0.
|
||
|
||
## toValidUTF8
|
||
|
||
Replaces invalid UTF-8 characters by the `<60>` (U+FFFD) character. All running in a row invalid characters are collapsed into the one replacement character.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
toValidUTF8(input_string)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `input_string` — Any set of bytes represented as the [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) data type object.
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A valid UTF-8 string.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT toValidUTF8('\x61\xF0\x80\x80\x80b');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─toValidUTF8('a<><61><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>b')─┐
|
||
│ a<>b │
|
||
└───────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## repeat
|
||
|
||
Concatenates a string as many times with itself as specified.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
repeat(s, n)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `REPEAT`
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `s` — The string to repeat. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
- `n` — The number of times to repeat the string. [UInt* or Int*](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A string containing string `s` repeated `n` times. If `n` <= 0, the function returns the empty string.
|
||
|
||
Type: `String`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT repeat('abc', 10);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─repeat('abc', 10)──────────────┐
|
||
│ abcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabc │
|
||
└────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## space
|
||
|
||
Concatenates a space (` `) as many times with itself as specified.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
space(n)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `SPACE`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `n` — The number of times to repeat the space. [UInt* or Int*](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
The string containing string ` ` repeated `n` times. If `n` <= 0, the function returns the empty string.
|
||
|
||
Type: `String`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT space(3);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─space(3) ────┐
|
||
│ │
|
||
└──────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## reverse
|
||
|
||
Reverses the sequence of bytes in a string.
|
||
|
||
## reverseUTF8
|
||
|
||
Reverses a sequence of Unicode code points in a string. Assumes that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
## concat
|
||
|
||
Concatenates the given arguments.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
concat(s1, s2, ...)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
At least one value of arbitrary type.
|
||
|
||
Arguments which are not of types [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md) are converted to strings using their default serialization. As this decreases performance, it is not recommended to use non-String/FixedString arguments.
|
||
|
||
**Returned values**
|
||
|
||
The String created by concatenating the arguments.
|
||
|
||
If any of arguments is `NULL`, the function returns `NULL`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT concat('Hello, ', 'World!');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─concat('Hello, ', 'World!')─┐
|
||
│ Hello, World! │
|
||
└─────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT concat(42, 144);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─concat(42, 144)─┐
|
||
│ 42144 │
|
||
└─────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## concatAssumeInjective
|
||
|
||
Like [concat](#concat) but assumes that `concat(s1, s2, ...) → sn` is injective. Can be used for optimization of GROUP BY.
|
||
|
||
A function is called injective if it returns for different arguments different results. In other words: different arguments never produce identical result.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
concatAssumeInjective(s1, s2, ...)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
Values of type String or FixedString.
|
||
|
||
**Returned values**
|
||
|
||
The String created by concatenating the arguments.
|
||
|
||
If any of argument values is `NULL`, the function returns `NULL`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
Input table:
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
CREATE TABLE key_val(`key1` String, `key2` String, `value` UInt32) ENGINE = TinyLog;
|
||
INSERT INTO key_val VALUES ('Hello, ','World',1), ('Hello, ','World',2), ('Hello, ','World!',3), ('Hello',', World!',2);
|
||
SELECT * from key_val;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─key1────┬─key2─────┬─value─┐
|
||
│ Hello, │ World │ 1 │
|
||
│ Hello, │ World │ 2 │
|
||
│ Hello, │ World! │ 3 │
|
||
│ Hello │ , World! │ 2 │
|
||
└─────────┴──────────┴───────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT concat(key1, key2), sum(value) FROM key_val GROUP BY concatAssumeInjective(key1, key2);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─concat(key1, key2)─┬─sum(value)─┐
|
||
│ Hello, World! │ 3 │
|
||
│ Hello, World! │ 2 │
|
||
│ Hello, World │ 3 │
|
||
└────────────────────┴────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## concatWithSeparator
|
||
|
||
Concatenates the given strings with a given separator.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
concatWithSeparator(sep, expr1, expr2, expr3...)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `concat_ws`
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- sep — separator. Const [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md).
|
||
- exprN — expression to be concatenated. Arguments which are not of types [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) or [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md) are converted to strings using their default serialization. As this decreases performance, it is not recommended to use non-String/FixedString arguments.
|
||
|
||
**Returned values**
|
||
|
||
The String created by concatenating the arguments.
|
||
|
||
If any of the argument values is `NULL`, the function returns `NULL`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT concatWithSeparator('a', '1', '2', '3', '4')
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─concatWithSeparator('a', '1', '2', '3', '4')─┐
|
||
│ 1a2a3a4 │
|
||
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## concatWithSeparatorAssumeInjective
|
||
|
||
Like `concatWithSeparator` but assumes that `concatWithSeparator(sep, expr1, expr2, expr3...) → result` is injective. Can be used for optimization of GROUP BY.
|
||
|
||
A function is called injective if it returns for different arguments different results. In other words: different arguments never produce identical result.
|
||
|
||
## substring
|
||
|
||
Returns the substring of a string `s` which starts at the specified byte index `offset`. Byte counting starts from 1. If `offset` is 0, an empty string is returned. If `offset` is negative, the substring starts `pos` characters from the end of the string, rather than from the beginning. An optional argument `length` specifies the maximum number of bytes the returned substring may have.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
substring(s, offset[, length])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias:
|
||
- `substr`
|
||
- `mid`
|
||
- `byteSlice`
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `s` — The string to calculate a substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md), [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md) or [Enum](../../sql-reference/data-types/enum.md)
|
||
- `offset` — The starting position of the substring in `s` . [(U)Int*](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
- `length` — The maximum length of the substring. [(U)Int*](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md). Optional.
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A substring of `s` with `length` many bytes, starting at index `offset`.
|
||
|
||
Type: `String`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT 'database' AS db, substr(db, 5), substr(db, 5, 1)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─db───────┬─substring('database', 5)─┬─substring('database', 5, 1)─┐
|
||
│ database │ base │ b │
|
||
└──────────┴──────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## substringUTF8
|
||
|
||
Returns the substring of a string `s` which starts at the specified byte index `offset` for Unicode code points. Byte counting starts from `1`. If `offset` is `0`, an empty string is returned. If `offset` is negative, the substring starts `pos` characters from the end of the string, rather than from the beginning. An optional argument `length` specifies the maximum number of bytes the returned substring may have.
|
||
|
||
Assumes that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
substringUTF8(s, offset[, length])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `s`: The string to calculate a substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md), [FixedString](../../sql-reference/data-types/fixedstring.md) or [Enum](../../sql-reference/data-types/enum.md)
|
||
- `offset`: The starting position of the substring in `s` . [(U)Int*](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md).
|
||
- `length`: The maximum length of the substring. [(U)Int*](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md). Optional.
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A substring of `s` with `length` many bytes, starting at index `offset`.
|
||
|
||
**Implementation details**
|
||
|
||
Assumes that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT 'Täglich grüßt das Murmeltier.' AS str,
|
||
substringUTF8(str, 9),
|
||
substringUTF8(str, 9, 5)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```response
|
||
Täglich grüßt das Murmeltier. grüßt das Murmeltier. grüßt
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## substringIndex
|
||
|
||
Returns the substring of `s` before `count` occurrences of the delimiter `delim`, as in Spark or MySQL.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
substringIndex(s, delim, count)
|
||
```
|
||
Alias: `SUBSTRING_INDEX`
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- s: The string to extract substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
- delim: The character to split. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
- count: The number of occurrences of the delimiter to count before extracting the substring. If count is positive, everything to the left of the final delimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative, everything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. [UInt or Int](../data-types/int-uint.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT substringIndex('www.clickhouse.com', '.', 2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
```
|
||
┌─substringIndex('www.clickhouse.com', '.', 2)─┐
|
||
│ www.clickhouse │
|
||
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## substringIndexUTF8
|
||
|
||
Returns the substring of `s` before `count` occurrences of the delimiter `delim`, specifically for Unicode code points.
|
||
|
||
Assumes that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
substringIndexUTF8(s, delim, count)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `s`: The string to extract substring from. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
- `delim`: The character to split. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
- `count`: The number of occurrences of the delimiter to count before extracting the substring. If count is positive, everything to the left of the final delimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative, everything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. [UInt or Int](../data-types/int-uint.md)
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A substring [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) of `s` before `count` occurrences of `delim`.
|
||
|
||
**Implementation details**
|
||
|
||
Assumes that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT substringIndexUTF8('www.straßen-in-europa.de', '.', 2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```response
|
||
www.straßen-in-europa
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## appendTrailingCharIfAbsent
|
||
|
||
Appends character `c` to string `s` if `s` is non-empty and does not end with character `c`.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
appendTrailingCharIfAbsent(s, c)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## convertCharset
|
||
|
||
Returns string `s` converted from the encoding `from` to encoding `to`.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
convertCharset(s, from, to)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## base58Encode
|
||
|
||
Encodes a String using [Base58](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-msporny-base58) in the "Bitcoin" alphabet.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
base58Encode(plaintext)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `plaintext` — [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) column or constant.
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A string containing the encoded value of the argument.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT base58Encode('Encoded');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─base58Encode('Encoded')─┐
|
||
│ 3dc8KtHrwM │
|
||
└─────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## base58Decode
|
||
|
||
Accepts a String and decodes it using [Base58](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-msporny-base58) encoding scheme using "Bitcoin" alphabet.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
base58Decode(encoded)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `encoded` — [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) column or constant. If the string is not a valid Base58-encoded value, an exception is thrown.
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A string containing the decoded value of the argument.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT base58Decode('3dc8KtHrwM');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─base58Decode('3dc8KtHrwM')─┐
|
||
│ Encoded │
|
||
└────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## tryBase58Decode
|
||
|
||
Like `base58Decode` but returns an empty string in case of error.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
tryBase58Decode(encoded)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Parameters**
|
||
|
||
- `encoded`: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) column or constant. If the string is not a valid Base58-encoded value, returns an empty string in case of error.
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A string containing the decoded value of the argument.
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT tryBase58Decode('3dc8KtHrwM') as res, tryBase58Decode('invalid') as res_invalid;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```response
|
||
┌─res─────┬─res_invalid─┐
|
||
│ Encoded │ │
|
||
└─────────┴─────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## base64Encode
|
||
|
||
Encodes a String or FixedString as base64.
|
||
|
||
Alias: `TO_BASE64`.
|
||
|
||
## base64Decode
|
||
|
||
Decodes a base64-encoded String or FixedString. Throws an exception in case of error.
|
||
|
||
Alias: `FROM_BASE64`.
|
||
|
||
## tryBase64Decode
|
||
|
||
Like `base64Decode` but returns an empty string in case of error.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
tryBase64Decode(encoded)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Parameters**
|
||
|
||
- `encoded`: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md) column or constant. If the string is not a valid Base58-encoded value, returns an empty string in case of error.
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
Query:
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT tryBase64Decode('RW5jb2RlZA==') as res, tryBase64Decode('invalid') as res_invalid;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```response
|
||
┌─res─────┬─res_invalid─┐
|
||
│ Encoded │ │
|
||
└─────────┴─────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## endsWith {#endswith}
|
||
|
||
Returns whether string `str` ends with `suffix`.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
endsWith(str, suffix)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## endsWithUTF8
|
||
|
||
Returns whether string `str` ends with `suffix`, the difference between `endsWithUTF8` and `endsWith` is that `endsWithUTF8` match `str` and `suffix` by UTF-8 characters.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
endsWithUTF8(str, suffix)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT endsWithUTF8('中国', '\xbd'), endsWith('中国', '\xbd')
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─endsWithUTF8('中国', '½')─┬─endsWith('中国', '½')─┐
|
||
│ 0 │ 1 │
|
||
└──────────────────────────┴──────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## startsWith {#startswith}
|
||
|
||
Returns whether string `str` starts with `prefix`.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
startsWith(str, prefix)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT startsWith('Spider-Man', 'Spi');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## startsWithUTF8
|
||
|
||
<VersionBadge minVersion='23.8' />
|
||
|
||
Returns whether string `str` starts with `prefix`, the difference between `startsWithUTF8` and `startsWith` is that `startsWithUTF8` match `str` and `suffix` by UTF-8 characters.
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT startsWithUTF8('中国', '\xe4'), startsWith('中国', '\xe4')
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─startsWithUTF8('中国', '⥩─┬─startsWith('中国', '⥩─┐
|
||
│ 0 │ 1 │
|
||
└────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## trim
|
||
|
||
Removes the specified characters from the start or end of a string. If not specified otherwise, the function removes whitespace (ASCII-character 32).
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
trim([[LEADING|TRAILING|BOTH] trim_character FROM] input_string)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `trim_character` — Specified characters for trim. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
- `input_string` — String for trim. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A string without leading and/or trailing specified characters.
|
||
|
||
Type: `String`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT trim(BOTH ' ()' FROM '( Hello, world! )');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─trim(BOTH ' ()' FROM '( Hello, world! )')─┐
|
||
│ Hello, world! │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## trimLeft
|
||
|
||
Removes the consecutive occurrences of whitespace (ASCII-character 32) from the start of a string.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
trimLeft(input_string)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `ltrim(input_string)`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `input_string` — string to trim. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A string without leading common whitespaces.
|
||
|
||
Type: `String`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT trimLeft(' Hello, world! ');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─trimLeft(' Hello, world! ')─┐
|
||
│ Hello, world! │
|
||
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## trimRight
|
||
|
||
Removes the consecutive occurrences of whitespace (ASCII-character 32) from the end of a string.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
trimRight(input_string)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `rtrim(input_string)`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `input_string` — string to trim. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A string without trailing common whitespaces.
|
||
|
||
Type: `String`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT trimRight(' Hello, world! ');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─trimRight(' Hello, world! ')─┐
|
||
│ Hello, world! │
|
||
└──────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## trimBoth
|
||
|
||
Removes the consecutive occurrences of whitespace (ASCII-character 32) from both ends of a string.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
trimBoth(input_string)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: `trim(input_string)`.
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `input_string` — string to trim. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
A string without leading and trailing common whitespaces.
|
||
|
||
Type: `String`.
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT trimBoth(' Hello, world! ');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─trimBoth(' Hello, world! ')─┐
|
||
│ Hello, world! │
|
||
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## CRC32
|
||
|
||
Returns the CRC32 checksum of a string using CRC-32-IEEE 802.3 polynomial and initial value `0xffffffff` (zlib implementation).
|
||
|
||
The result type is UInt32.
|
||
|
||
## CRC32IEEE
|
||
|
||
Returns the CRC32 checksum of a string, using CRC-32-IEEE 802.3 polynomial.
|
||
|
||
The result type is UInt32.
|
||
|
||
## CRC64
|
||
|
||
Returns the CRC64 checksum of a string, using CRC-64-ECMA polynomial.
|
||
|
||
The result type is UInt64.
|
||
|
||
## normalizeQuery
|
||
|
||
Replaces literals, sequences of literals and complex aliases with placeholders.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
normalizeQuery(x)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `x` — Sequence of characters. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Sequence of characters with placeholders.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT normalizeQuery('[1, 2, 3, x]') AS query;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─query────┐
|
||
│ [?.., x] │
|
||
└──────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## normalizedQueryHash
|
||
|
||
Returns identical 64bit hash values without the values of literals for similar queries. Can be helpful to analyze query log.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
normalizedQueryHash(x)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `x` — Sequence of characters. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Hash value.
|
||
|
||
Type: [UInt64](../../sql-reference/data-types/int-uint.md#uint-ranges).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT normalizedQueryHash('SELECT 1 AS `xyz`') != normalizedQueryHash('SELECT 1 AS `abc`') AS res;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─res─┐
|
||
│ 1 │
|
||
└─────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## normalizeUTF8NFC
|
||
|
||
Converts a string to [NFC normalized form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_equivalence#Normal_forms), assuming the string is valid UTF8-encoded text.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
normalizeUTF8NFC(words)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `words` — UTF8-encoded input string. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- String transformed to NFC normalization form.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT length('â'), normalizeUTF8NFC('â') AS nfc, length(nfc) AS nfc_len;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─length('â')─┬─nfc─┬─nfc_len─┐
|
||
│ 2 │ â │ 2 │
|
||
└─────────────┴─────┴─────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## normalizeUTF8NFD
|
||
|
||
Converts a string to [NFD normalized form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_equivalence#Normal_forms), assuming the string is valid UTF8-encoded text.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
normalizeUTF8NFD(words)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `words` — UTF8-encoded input string. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- String transformed to NFD normalization form.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT length('â'), normalizeUTF8NFD('â') AS nfd, length(nfd) AS nfd_len;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─length('â')─┬─nfd─┬─nfd_len─┐
|
||
│ 2 │ â │ 3 │
|
||
└─────────────┴─────┴─────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## normalizeUTF8NFKC
|
||
|
||
Converts a string to [NFKC normalized form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_equivalence#Normal_forms), assuming the string is valid UTF8-encoded text.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
normalizeUTF8NFKC(words)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `words` — UTF8-encoded input string. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- String transformed to NFKC normalization form.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT length('â'), normalizeUTF8NFKC('â') AS nfkc, length(nfkc) AS nfkc_len;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─length('â')─┬─nfkc─┬─nfkc_len─┐
|
||
│ 2 │ â │ 2 │
|
||
└─────────────┴──────┴──────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## normalizeUTF8NFKD
|
||
|
||
Converts a string to [NFKD normalized form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_equivalence#Normal_forms), assuming the string is valid UTF8-encoded text.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
normalizeUTF8NFKD(words)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `words` — UTF8-encoded input string. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- String transformed to NFKD normalization form.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT length('â'), normalizeUTF8NFKD('â') AS nfkd, length(nfkd) AS nfkd_len;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─length('â')─┬─nfkd─┬─nfkd_len─┐
|
||
│ 2 │ â │ 3 │
|
||
└─────────────┴──────┴──────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## encodeXMLComponent
|
||
|
||
Escapes characters with special meaning in XML such that they can afterwards be place into a XML text node or attribute.
|
||
|
||
The following characters are replaced: `<`, `&`, `>`, `"`, `'`.
|
||
Also see the [list of XML and HTML character entity references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references).
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
encodeXMLComponent(x)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `x` — An input string. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- The escaped string.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT encodeXMLComponent('Hello, "world"!');
|
||
SELECT encodeXMLComponent('<123>');
|
||
SELECT encodeXMLComponent('&clickhouse');
|
||
SELECT encodeXMLComponent('\'foo\'');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
Hello, "world"!
|
||
<123>
|
||
&clickhouse
|
||
'foo'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## decodeXMLComponent
|
||
|
||
Un-escapes substrings with special meaning in XML. These substrings are: `"` `&` `'` `>` `<`
|
||
|
||
This function also replaces numeric character references with Unicode characters. Both decimal (like `✓`) and hexadecimal (`✓`) forms are supported.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
decodeXMLComponent(x)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `x` — An input string. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- The un-escaped string.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT decodeXMLComponent(''foo'');
|
||
SELECT decodeXMLComponent('< Σ >');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
'foo'
|
||
< Σ >
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## decodeHTMLComponent
|
||
|
||
Un-escapes substrings with special meaning in HTML. For example: `ℏ` `>` `♦` `♥` `<` etc.
|
||
|
||
This function also replaces numeric character references with Unicode characters. Both decimal (like `✓`) and hexadecimal (`✓`) forms are supported.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
decodeHTMLComponent(x)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `x` — An input string. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- The un-escaped string.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT decodeHTMLComponent(''CH');
|
||
SELECT decodeHTMLComponent('I♥ClickHouse');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
'CH'
|
||
I♥ClickHouse'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## extractTextFromHTML
|
||
|
||
This function extracts plain text from HTML or XHTML.
|
||
|
||
It does not conform 100% to the HTML, XML or XHTML specification but the implementation is reasonably accurate and fast. The rules are the following:
|
||
|
||
1. Comments are skipped. Example: `<!-- test -->`. Comment must end with `-->`. Nested comments are disallowed.
|
||
Note: constructions like `<!-->` and `<!--->` are not valid comments in HTML but they are skipped by other rules.
|
||
2. CDATA is pasted verbatim. Note: CDATA is XML/XHTML-specific and processed on a "best-effort" basis.
|
||
3. `script` and `style` elements are removed with all their content. Note: it is assumed that closing tag cannot appear inside content. For example, in JS string literal has to be escaped like `"<\/script>"`.
|
||
Note: comments and CDATA are possible inside `script` or `style` - then closing tags are not searched inside CDATA. Example: `<script><![CDATA[</script>]]></script>`. But they are still searched inside comments. Sometimes it becomes complicated: `<script>var x = "<!--"; </script> var y = "-->"; alert(x + y);</script>`
|
||
Note: `script` and `style` can be the names of XML namespaces - then they are not treated like usual `script` or `style` elements. Example: `<script:a>Hello</script:a>`.
|
||
Note: whitespaces are possible after closing tag name: `</script >` but not before: `< / script>`.
|
||
4. Other tags or tag-like elements are skipped without inner content. Example: `<a>.</a>`
|
||
Note: it is expected that this HTML is illegal: `<a test=">"></a>`
|
||
Note: it also skips something like tags: `<>`, `<!>`, etc.
|
||
Note: tag without end is skipped to the end of input: `<hello `
|
||
5. HTML and XML entities are not decoded. They must be processed by separate function.
|
||
6. Whitespaces in the text are collapsed or inserted by specific rules.
|
||
- Whitespaces at the beginning and at the end are removed.
|
||
- Consecutive whitespaces are collapsed.
|
||
- But if the text is separated by other elements and there is no whitespace, it is inserted.
|
||
- It may cause unnatural examples: `Hello<b>world</b>`, `Hello<!-- -->world` - there is no whitespace in HTML, but the function inserts it. Also consider: `Hello<p>world</p>`, `Hello<br>world`. This behavior is reasonable for data analysis, e.g. to convert HTML to a bag of words.
|
||
7. Also note that correct handling of whitespaces requires the support of `<pre></pre>` and CSS `display` and `white-space` properties.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
extractTextFromHTML(x)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `x` — input text. [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- Extracted text.
|
||
|
||
Type: [String](../../sql-reference/data-types/string.md).
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
The first example contains several tags and a comment and also shows whitespace processing.
|
||
The second example shows `CDATA` and `script` tag processing.
|
||
In the third example text is extracted from the full HTML response received by the [url](../../sql-reference/table-functions/url.md) function.
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT extractTextFromHTML(' <p> A text <i>with</i><b>tags</b>. <!-- comments --> </p> ');
|
||
SELECT extractTextFromHTML('<![CDATA[The content within <b>CDATA</b>]]> <script>alert("Script");</script>');
|
||
SELECT extractTextFromHTML(html) FROM url('http://www.donothingfor2minutes.com/', RawBLOB, 'html String');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
A text with tags .
|
||
The content within <b>CDATA</b>
|
||
Do Nothing for 2 Minutes 2:00
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## ascii {#ascii}
|
||
|
||
Returns the ASCII code point (as Int32) of the first character of string `s`.
|
||
|
||
If `s` is empty, the result is 0. If the first character is not an ASCII character or not part of the Latin-1 supplement range of UTF-16, the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
ascii(s)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## soundex
|
||
|
||
Returns the [Soundex code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundex) of a string.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
soundex(val)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `val` - Input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- The Soundex code of the input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
select soundex('aksel');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─soundex('aksel')─┐
|
||
│ A240 │
|
||
└──────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## punycodeEncode
|
||
|
||
Returns the [Punycode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode) representation of a string.
|
||
The string must be UTF8-encoded, otherwise the behavior is undefined.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
punycodeEncode(val)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `val` - Input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A Punycode representation of the input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
select punycodeEncode('München');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─punycodeEncode('München')─┐
|
||
│ Mnchen-3ya │
|
||
└───────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## punycodeDecode
|
||
|
||
Returns the UTF8-encoded plaintext of a [Punycode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode)-encoded string.
|
||
If no valid Punycode-encoded string is given, an exception is thrown.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
punycodeEncode(val)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `val` - Punycode-encoded string. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- The plaintext of the input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
select punycodeDecode('Mnchen-3ya');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─punycodeDecode('Mnchen-3ya')─┐
|
||
│ München │
|
||
└──────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## tryPunycodeDecode
|
||
|
||
Like `punycodeDecode` but returns an empty string if no valid Punycode-encoded string is given.
|
||
|
||
## idnaEncode
|
||
|
||
Returns the the ASCII representation (ToASCII algorithm) of a domain name according to the [Internationalized Domain Names in Applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name#Internationalizing_Domain_Names_in_Applications) (IDNA) mechanism.
|
||
The input string must be UTF-encoded and translatable to an ASCII string, otherwise an exception is thrown.
|
||
Note: No percent decoding or trimming of tabs, spaces or control characters is performed.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
idnaEncode(val)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `val` - Input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A ASCII representation according to the IDNA mechanism of the input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
select idnaEncode('straße.münchen.de');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─idnaEncode('straße.münchen.de')─────┐
|
||
│ xn--strae-oqa.xn--mnchen-3ya.de │
|
||
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## tryIdnaEncode
|
||
|
||
Like `idnaEncode` but returns an empty string in case of an error instead of throwing an exception.
|
||
|
||
## idnaDecode
|
||
|
||
Returns the the Unicode (UTF-8) representation (ToUnicode algorithm) of a domain name according to the [Internationalized Domain Names in Applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name#Internationalizing_Domain_Names_in_Applications) (IDNA) mechanism.
|
||
In case of an error (e.g. because the input is invalid), the input string is returned.
|
||
Note that repeated application of `idnaEncode()` and `idnaDecode()` does not necessarily return the original string due to case normalization.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
idnaDecode(val)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `val` - Input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- A Unicode (UTF-8) representation according to the IDNA mechanism of the input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
select idnaDecode('xn--strae-oqa.xn--mnchen-3ya.de');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─idnaDecode('xn--strae-oqa.xn--mnchen-3ya.de')─┐
|
||
│ straße.münchen.de │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## byteHammingDistance
|
||
|
||
Calculates the [hamming distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance) between two byte strings.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
byteHammingDistance(string1, string2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT byteHammingDistance('karolin', 'kathrin');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─byteHammingDistance('karolin', 'kathrin')─┐
|
||
│ 3 │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: mismatches
|
||
|
||
## stringJaccardIndex
|
||
|
||
Calculates the [Jaccard similarity index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaccard_index) between two byte strings.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
stringJaccardIndex(string1, string2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT stringJaccardIndex('clickhouse', 'mouse');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─stringJaccardIndex('clickhouse', 'mouse')─┐
|
||
│ 0.4 │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## stringJaccardIndexUTF8
|
||
|
||
Like [stringJaccardIndex](#stringJaccardIndex) but for UTF8-encoded strings.
|
||
|
||
## editDistance
|
||
|
||
Calculates the [edit distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit_distance) between two byte strings.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
editDistance(string1, string2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT editDistance('clickhouse', 'mouse');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─editDistance('clickhouse', 'mouse')─┐
|
||
│ 6 │
|
||
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Alias: levenshteinDistance
|
||
|
||
## damerauLevenshteinDistance
|
||
|
||
Calculates the [Damerau-Levenshtein distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damerau%E2%80%93Levenshtein_distance) between two byte strings.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
damerauLevenshteinDistance(string1, string2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT damerauLevenshteinDistance('clickhouse', 'mouse');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─damerauLevenshteinDistance('clickhouse', 'mouse')─┐
|
||
│ 6 │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## jaroSimilarity
|
||
|
||
Calculates the [Jaro similarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler_distance#Jaro_similarity) between two byte strings.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
jaroSimilarity(string1, string2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT jaroSimilarity('clickhouse', 'click');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─jaroSimilarity('clickhouse', 'click')─┐
|
||
│ 0.8333333333333333 │
|
||
└───────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## jaroWinklerSimilarity
|
||
|
||
Calculates the [Jaro-Winkler similarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler_distance#Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler_similarity) between two byte strings.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
jaroWinklerSimilarity(string1, string2)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Examples**
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SELECT jaroWinklerSimilarity('clickhouse', 'click');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
``` text
|
||
┌─jaroWinklerSimilarity('clickhouse', 'click')─┐
|
||
│ 0.8999999999999999 │
|
||
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## initcap
|
||
|
||
Convert the first letter of each word to upper case and the rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.
|
||
|
||
## initcapUTF8
|
||
|
||
Like [initcap](#initcap), assuming that the string contains valid UTF-8 encoded text. If this assumption is violated, no exception is thrown and the result is undefined.
|
||
|
||
Does not detect the language, e.g. for Turkish the result might not be exactly correct (i/İ vs. i/I).
|
||
|
||
If the length of the UTF-8 byte sequence is different for upper and lower case of a code point, the result may be incorrect for this code point.
|
||
|
||
## firstLine
|
||
|
||
Returns the first line from a multi-line string.
|
||
|
||
**Syntax**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
firstLine(val)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Arguments**
|
||
|
||
- `val` - Input value. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Returned value**
|
||
|
||
- The first line of the input value or the whole value if there is no line
|
||
separators. [String](../data-types/string.md)
|
||
|
||
**Example**
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
select firstLine('foo\nbar\nbaz');
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Result:
|
||
|
||
```result
|
||
┌─firstLine('foo\nbar\nbaz')─┐
|
||
│ foo │
|
||
└────────────────────────────┘
|
||
```
|