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630 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
630 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
---
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slug: /zh/sql-reference/dictionaries/external-dictionaries/external-dicts-dict-sources
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machine_translated: true
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machine_translated_rev: 72537a2d527c63c07aa5d2361a8829f3895cf2bd
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sidebar_position: 43
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sidebar_label: "\u5916\u90E8\u5B57\u5178\u7684\u6765\u6E90"
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---
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# 外部字典的来源 {#dicts-external-dicts-dict-sources}
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外部字典可以从许多不同的来源连接。
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如果使用xml-file配置字典，则配置如下所示:
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``` xml
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<clickhouse>
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<dictionary>
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...
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<source>
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<source_type>
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<!-- Source configuration -->
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</source_type>
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</source>
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...
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</dictionary>
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...
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</clickhouse>
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```
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在情况下 [DDL-查询](../../statements/create.md#create-dictionary-query)，相等的配置将看起来像:
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``` sql
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CREATE DICTIONARY dict_name (...)
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...
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SOURCE(SOURCE_TYPE(param1 val1 ... paramN valN)) -- Source configuration
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...
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```
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源配置在 `source` 科。
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对于源类型 [本地文件](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-local_file), [可执行文件](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-executable), [HTTP(s)](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-http), [ClickHouse](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-clickhouse)
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可选设置:
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``` xml
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<source>
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<file>
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<path>/opt/dictionaries/os.tsv</path>
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<format>TabSeparated</format>
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</file>
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<settings>
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<format_csv_allow_single_quotes>0</format_csv_allow_single_quotes>
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</settings>
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</source>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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SOURCE(FILE(path './user_files/os.tsv' format 'TabSeparated'))
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SETTINGS(format_csv_allow_single_quotes = 0)
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```
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来源类型 (`source_type`):
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- [本地文件](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-local_file)
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- [可执行文件](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-executable)
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- [HTTP(s)](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-http)
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- DBMS
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- [ODBC](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-odbc)
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- [MySQL](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-mysql)
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- [ClickHouse](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-clickhouse)
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- [MongoDB](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-mongodb)
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- [Redis](#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-redis)
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## 本地文件 {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-local_file}
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设置示例:
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``` xml
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<source>
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<file>
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<path>/opt/dictionaries/os.tsv</path>
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<format>TabSeparated</format>
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</file>
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</source>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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SOURCE(FILE(path './user_files/os.tsv' format 'TabSeparated'))
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```
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设置字段:
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- `path` – The absolute path to the file.
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- `format` – The file format. All the formats described in “[格式](../../../interfaces/formats.md#formats)” 支持。
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## 可执行文件 {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-executable}
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使用可执行文件取决于 [字典如何存储在内存中](external-dicts-dict-layout.md). 如果字典存储使用 `cache` 和 `complex_key_cache`，ClickHouse通过向可执行文件的STDIN发送请求来请求必要的密钥。 否则，ClickHouse将启动可执行文件并将其输出视为字典数据。
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设置示例:
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``` xml
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<source>
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<executable>
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<command>cat /opt/dictionaries/os.tsv</command>
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<format>TabSeparated</format>
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</executable>
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</source>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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SOURCE(EXECUTABLE(command 'cat /opt/dictionaries/os.tsv' format 'TabSeparated'))
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```
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设置字段:
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- `command` – The absolute path to the executable file, or the file name (if the program directory is written to `PATH`).
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- `format` – The file format. All the formats described in “[格式](../../../interfaces/formats.md#formats)” 支持。
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## Http(s) {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-http}
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使用HTTP（s）服务器取决于 [字典如何存储在内存中](external-dicts-dict-layout.md). 如果字典存储使用 `cache` 和 `complex_key_cache`，ClickHouse通过通过发送请求请求必要的密钥 `POST` 方法。
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设置示例:
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``` xml
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<source>
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<http>
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<url>http://[::1]/os.tsv</url>
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<format>TabSeparated</format>
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<credentials>
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<user>user</user>
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<password>password</password>
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</credentials>
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<headers>
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<header>
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<name>API-KEY</name>
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<value>key</value>
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</header>
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</headers>
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</http>
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</source>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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SOURCE(HTTP(
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url 'http://[::1]/os.tsv'
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format 'TabSeparated'
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credentials(user 'user' password 'password')
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headers(header(name 'API-KEY' value 'key'))
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))
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```
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为了让ClickHouse访问HTTPS资源，您必须 [配置openSSL](../../../operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings.md#server_configuration_parameters-openssl) 在服务器配置中。
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设置字段:
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- `url` – The source URL.
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- `format` – The file format. All the formats described in “[格式](../../../interfaces/formats.md#formats)” 支持。
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- `credentials` – Basic HTTP authentication. Optional parameter.
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- `user` – Username required for the authentication.
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- `password` – Password required for the authentication.
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- `headers` – All custom HTTP headers entries used for the HTTP request. Optional parameter.
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- `header` – Single HTTP header entry.
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- `name` – Identifiant name used for the header send on the request.
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- `value` – Value set for a specific identifiant name.
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## ODBC {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-odbc}
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您可以使用此方法连接具有ODBC驱动程序的任何数据库。
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设置示例:
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``` xml
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<source>
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<odbc>
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<db>DatabaseName</db>
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<table>ShemaName.TableName</table>
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<connection_string>DSN=some_parameters</connection_string>
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<invalidate_query>SQL_QUERY</invalidate_query>
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</odbc>
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</source>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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SOURCE(ODBC(
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db 'DatabaseName'
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table 'SchemaName.TableName'
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connection_string 'DSN=some_parameters'
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invalidate_query 'SQL_QUERY'
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))
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```
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设置字段:
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- `db` – Name of the database. Omit it if the database name is set in the `<connection_string>` 参数。
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- `table` – Name of the table and schema if exists.
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- `connection_string` – Connection string.
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- `invalidate_query` – Query for checking the dictionary status. Optional parameter. Read more in the section [更新字典](external-dicts-dict-lifetime.md).
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ClickHouse接收来自ODBC-driver的引用符号，并将查询中的所有设置引用到driver，因此有必要根据数据库中的表名大小写设置表名。
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如果您在使用Oracle时遇到编码问题，请参阅相应的 [FAQ](../../../faq/general.md#oracle-odbc-encodings) 文章.
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### ODBC字典功能的已知漏洞 {#known-vulnerability-of-the-odbc-dictionary-functionality}
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:::info "注意"
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通过ODBC驱动程序连接参数连接到数据库时 `Servername` 可以取代。 在这种情况下，值 `USERNAME` 和 `PASSWORD` 从 `odbc.ini` 被发送到远程服务器，并且可能会受到损害。
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**不安全使用示例**
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让我们为PostgreSQL配置unixODBC。 的内容 `/etc/odbc.ini`:
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``` text
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[gregtest]
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Driver = /usr/lib/psqlodbca.so
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Servername = localhost
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PORT = 5432
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DATABASE = test_db
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#OPTION = 3
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USERNAME = test
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PASSWORD = test
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```
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如果然后进行查询，例如
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``` sql
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SELECT * FROM odbc('DSN=gregtest;Servername=some-server.com', 'test_db');
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```
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ODBC驱动程序将发送的值 `USERNAME` 和 `PASSWORD` 从 `odbc.ini` 到 `some-server.com`.
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### 连接Postgresql的示例 {#example-of-connecting-postgresql}
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Ubuntu操作系统。
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为PostgreSQL安装unixODBC和ODBC驱动程序:
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``` bash
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$ sudo apt-get install -y unixodbc odbcinst odbc-postgresql
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```
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配置 `/etc/odbc.ini` （或 `~/.odbc.ini`):
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``` text
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[DEFAULT]
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Driver = myconnection
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[myconnection]
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Description = PostgreSQL connection to my_db
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Driver = PostgreSQL Unicode
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Database = my_db
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Servername = 127.0.0.1
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UserName = username
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Password = password
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Port = 5432
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Protocol = 9.3
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ReadOnly = No
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RowVersioning = No
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ShowSystemTables = No
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ConnSettings =
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```
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ClickHouse中的字典配置:
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``` xml
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<clickhouse>
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<dictionary>
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<name>table_name</name>
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<source>
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<odbc>
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<!-- You can specify the following parameters in connection_string: -->
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<!-- DSN=myconnection;UID=username;PWD=password;HOST=127.0.0.1;PORT=5432;DATABASE=my_db -->
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<connection_string>DSN=myconnection</connection_string>
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<table>postgresql_table</table>
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</odbc>
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</source>
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<lifetime>
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<min>300</min>
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<max>360</max>
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</lifetime>
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<layout>
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<hashed/>
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</layout>
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<structure>
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<id>
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<name>id</name>
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</id>
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<attribute>
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<name>some_column</name>
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<type>UInt64</type>
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<null_value>0</null_value>
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</attribute>
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</structure>
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</dictionary>
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</clickhouse>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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CREATE DICTIONARY table_name (
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id UInt64,
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some_column UInt64 DEFAULT 0
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)
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PRIMARY KEY id
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SOURCE(ODBC(connection_string 'DSN=myconnection' table 'postgresql_table'))
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LAYOUT(HASHED())
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LIFETIME(MIN 300 MAX 360)
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```
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您可能需要编辑 `odbc.ini` 使用驱动程序指定库的完整路径 `DRIVER=/usr/local/lib/psqlodbcw.so`.
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### 连接MS SQL Server的示例 {#example-of-connecting-ms-sql-server}
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Ubuntu操作系统。
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安装驱动程序: :
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``` bash
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$ sudo apt-get install tdsodbc freetds-bin sqsh
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```
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配置驱动程序:
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``` bash
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$ cat /etc/freetds/freetds.conf
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...
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[MSSQL]
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host = 192.168.56.101
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port = 1433
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tds version = 7.0
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client charset = UTF-8
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$ cat /etc/odbcinst.ini
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...
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[FreeTDS]
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Description = FreeTDS
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Driver = /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/odbc/libtdsodbc.so
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Setup = /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/odbc/libtdsS.so
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FileUsage = 1
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UsageCount = 5
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$ cat ~/.odbc.ini
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...
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[MSSQL]
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Description = FreeTDS
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Driver = FreeTDS
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Servername = MSSQL
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Database = test
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UID = test
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PWD = test
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Port = 1433
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```
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在ClickHouse中配置字典:
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``` xml
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<clickhouse>
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<dictionary>
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<name>test</name>
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<source>
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<odbc>
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<table>dict</table>
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<connection_string>DSN=MSSQL;UID=test;PWD=test</connection_string>
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</odbc>
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</source>
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<lifetime>
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<min>300</min>
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<max>360</max>
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</lifetime>
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<layout>
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<flat />
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</layout>
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<structure>
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<id>
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<name>k</name>
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</id>
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<attribute>
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<name>s</name>
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<type>String</type>
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<null_value></null_value>
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</attribute>
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</structure>
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</dictionary>
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</clickhouse>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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CREATE DICTIONARY test (
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k UInt64,
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s String DEFAULT ''
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)
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PRIMARY KEY k
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SOURCE(ODBC(table 'dict' connection_string 'DSN=MSSQL;UID=test;PWD=test'))
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LAYOUT(FLAT())
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LIFETIME(MIN 300 MAX 360)
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```
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## DBMS {#dbms}
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### Mysql {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-mysql}
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设置示例:
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``` xml
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<source>
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<mysql>
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<port>3306</port>
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<user>clickhouse</user>
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<password>qwerty</password>
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<replica>
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<host>example01-1</host>
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<priority>1</priority>
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</replica>
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<replica>
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<host>example01-2</host>
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<priority>1</priority>
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</replica>
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<db>db_name</db>
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<table>table_name</table>
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<where>id=10</where>
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<invalidate_query>SQL_QUERY</invalidate_query>
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</mysql>
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</source>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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SOURCE(MYSQL(
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port 3306
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user 'clickhouse'
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password 'qwerty'
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replica(host 'example01-1' priority 1)
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replica(host 'example01-2' priority 1)
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db 'db_name'
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table 'table_name'
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where 'id=10'
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invalidate_query 'SQL_QUERY'
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))
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```
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设置字段:
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- `port` – The port on the MySQL server. You can specify it for all replicas, or for each one individually (inside `<replica>`).
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- `user` – Name of the MySQL user. You can specify it for all replicas, or for each one individually (inside `<replica>`).
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- `password` – Password of the MySQL user. You can specify it for all replicas, or for each one individually (inside `<replica>`).
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- `replica` – Section of replica configurations. There can be multiple sections.
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- `replica/host` – The MySQL host.
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- `replica/priority` – The replica priority. When attempting to connect, ClickHouse traverses the replicas in order of priority. The lower the number, the higher the priority.
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- `db` – Name of the database.
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- `table` – Name of the table.
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- `where` – The selection criteria. The syntax for conditions is the same as for `WHERE` 例如，mysql中的子句, `id > 10 AND id < 20`. 可选参数。
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- `invalidate_query` – Query for checking the dictionary status. Optional parameter. Read more in the section [更新字典](external-dicts-dict-lifetime.md).
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MySQL可以通过套接字在本地主机上连接。 要做到这一点，设置 `host` 和 `socket`.
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设置示例:
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``` xml
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<source>
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<mysql>
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<host>localhost</host>
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<socket>/path/to/socket/file.sock</socket>
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<user>clickhouse</user>
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<password>qwerty</password>
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<db>db_name</db>
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<table>table_name</table>
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<where>id=10</where>
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<invalidate_query>SQL_QUERY</invalidate_query>
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</mysql>
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</source>
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```
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或
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``` sql
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SOURCE(MYSQL(
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host 'localhost'
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socket '/path/to/socket/file.sock'
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user 'clickhouse'
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password 'qwerty'
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db 'db_name'
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table 'table_name'
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where 'id=10'
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invalidate_query 'SQL_QUERY'
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))
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```
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||
|
||
### ClickHouse {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-clickhouse}
|
||
|
||
设置示例:
|
||
|
||
``` xml
|
||
<source>
|
||
<clickhouse>
|
||
<host>example01-01-1</host>
|
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<port>9000</port>
|
||
<user>default</user>
|
||
<password></password>
|
||
<db>default</db>
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||
<table>ids</table>
|
||
<where>id=10</where>
|
||
</clickhouse>
|
||
</source>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
或
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SOURCE(CLICKHOUSE(
|
||
host 'example01-01-1'
|
||
port 9000
|
||
user 'default'
|
||
password ''
|
||
db 'default'
|
||
table 'ids'
|
||
where 'id=10'
|
||
))
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
设置字段:
|
||
|
||
- `host` – The ClickHouse host. If it is a local host, the query is processed without any network activity. To improve fault tolerance, you can create a [分布](../../../engines/table-engines/special/distributed.md) 表并在后续配置中输入它。
|
||
- `port` – The port on the ClickHouse server.
|
||
- `user` – Name of the ClickHouse user.
|
||
- `password` – Password of the ClickHouse user.
|
||
- `db` – Name of the database.
|
||
- `table` – Name of the table.
|
||
- `where` – The selection criteria. May be omitted.
|
||
- `invalidate_query` – Query for checking the dictionary status. Optional parameter. Read more in the section [更新字典](external-dicts-dict-lifetime.md).
|
||
|
||
### Mongodb {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-mongodb}
|
||
|
||
设置示例:
|
||
|
||
``` xml
|
||
<source>
|
||
<mongodb>
|
||
<host>localhost</host>
|
||
<port>27017</port>
|
||
<user></user>
|
||
<password></password>
|
||
<db>test</db>
|
||
<collection>dictionary_source</collection>
|
||
</mongodb>
|
||
</source>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
或
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SOURCE(MONGO(
|
||
host 'localhost'
|
||
port 27017
|
||
user ''
|
||
password ''
|
||
db 'test'
|
||
collection 'dictionary_source'
|
||
))
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
设置字段:
|
||
|
||
- `host` – The MongoDB host.
|
||
- `port` – The port on the MongoDB server.
|
||
- `user` – Name of the MongoDB user.
|
||
- `password` – Password of the MongoDB user.
|
||
- `db` – Name of the database.
|
||
- `collection` – Name of the collection.
|
||
|
||
### Redis {#dicts-external_dicts_dict_sources-redis}
|
||
|
||
设置示例:
|
||
|
||
``` xml
|
||
<source>
|
||
<redis>
|
||
<host>localhost</host>
|
||
<port>6379</port>
|
||
<storage_type>simple</storage_type>
|
||
<db_index>0</db_index>
|
||
</redis>
|
||
</source>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
或
|
||
|
||
``` sql
|
||
SOURCE(REDIS(
|
||
host 'localhost'
|
||
port 6379
|
||
storage_type 'simple'
|
||
db_index 0
|
||
))
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
设置字段:
|
||
|
||
- `host` – The Redis host.
|
||
- `port` – The port on the Redis server.
|
||
- `storage_type` – The structure of internal Redis storage using for work with keys. `simple` 适用于简单源和散列单键源, `hash_map` 用于具有两个键的散列源。 不支持具有复杂键的范围源和缓存源。 可以省略，默认值为 `simple`.
|
||
- `db_index` – The specific numeric index of Redis logical database. May be omitted, default value is 0.
|