ClickHouse/docs/zh/data_types/enum.md
Ivan Blinkov 16ca492938
WIP on docs (#3813)
* CLICKHOUSE-4063: less manual html @ index.md

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2018-12-12 20:28:00 +03:00

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Enum8, Enum16

包括 Enum8Enum16 类型。Enum 保存 'string'= integer 的对应关系。在 ClickHouse 中,尽管用户使用的是字符串常量,但所有含有 Enum 数据类型的操作都是按照包含整数的值来执行。这在性能方面比使用 String 数据类型更有效。

  • Enum8'String'= Int8 对描述。
  • Enum16'String'= Int16 对描述。

用法示例

创建一个带有一个枚举 Enum8('hello' = 1, 'world' = 2) 类型的列:

CREATE TABLE t_enum
(
    x Enum8('hello' = 1, 'world' = 2)
)
ENGINE = TinyLog

这个 x 列只能存储类型定义中列出的值:'hello''world'。如果您尝试保存任何其他值ClickHouse 抛出异常。

:) INSERT INTO t_enum VALUES ('hello'), ('world'), ('hello')

INSERT INTO t_enum VALUES

Ok.

3 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.

:) insert into t_enum values('a')

INSERT INTO t_enum VALUES


Exception on client:
Code: 49. DB::Exception: Unknown element 'a' for type Enum8('hello' = 1, 'world' = 2)

当您从表中查询数据时ClickHouse 从 Enum 中输出字符串值。

SELECT * FROM t_enum

┌─x─────┐
│ hello │
│ world │
│ hello │
└───────┘

如果需要看到对应行的数值,则必须将 Enum 值转换为整数类型。

SELECT CAST(x, 'Int8') FROM t_enum

┌─CAST(x, 'Int8')─┐
│               1 │
│               2 │
│               1 │
└─────────────────┘

在查询中创建枚举值,您还需要使用 CAST

SELECT toTypeName(CAST('a', 'Enum8(\'a\' = 1, \'b\' = 2)'))

┌─toTypeName(CAST('a', 'Enum8(\'a\' = 1, \'b\' = 2)'))─┐
│ Enum8('a' = 1, 'b' = 2)                              │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

规则及用法

Enum8 类型的每个值范围是 -128 ... 127Enum16 类型的每个值范围是 -32768 ... 32767。所有的字符串或者数字都必须是不一样的。允许存在空字符串。如果某个 Enum 类型被指定了(在表定义的时候),数字可以是任意顺序。然而,顺序并不重要。

Enum 中的字符串和数值都不能是 NULL

Enum 包含在 Nullable 类型中。因此,如果您使用此查询创建一个表

CREATE TABLE t_enum_nullable
(
    x Nullable( Enum8('hello' = 1, 'world' = 2) )
)
ENGINE = TinyLog

不仅可以存储 'hello''world' ,还可以存储 NULL

INSERT INTO t_enum_null Values('hello'),('world'),(NULL)

在内存中,Enum 列的存储方式与相应数值的 Int8Int16 相同。

当以文本方式读取的时候ClickHouse 将值解析成字符串然后去枚举值的集合中搜索对应字符串。如果没有找到,会抛出异常。当读取文本格式的时候,会根据读取到的字符串去找对应的数值。如果没有找到,会抛出异常。

当以文本形式写入时ClickHouse 将值解析成字符串写入。如果列数据包含垃圾数据不是来自有效集合的数字则抛出异常。Enum 类型以二进制读取和写入的方式与 Int8Int16 类型一样的。

隐式默认值是数值最小的值。

ORDER BYGROUP BYINDISTINCT 等等中Enum 的行为与相应的数字相同。例如按数字排序。对于等式运算符和比较运算符Enum 的工作机制与它们在底层数值上的工作机制相同。

枚举值不能与数字进行比较。枚举可以与常量字符串进行比较。如果与之比较的字符串不是有效Enum值则将引发异常。可以使用 IN 运算符来判断一个 Enum 是否存在于某个 Enum 集合中,其中集合中的 Enum 需要用字符串表示。

大多数具有数字和字符串的运算并不适用于Enums例如Enum 类型不能和一个数值相加。但是Enum有一个原生的 toString 函数,它返回它的字符串值。

Enum 值使用 toT 函数可以转换成数值类型,其中 T 是一个数值类型。若 T 恰好对应 Enum 的底层数值类型,这个转换是零消耗的。

Enum 类型可以被 ALTER 无成本地修改对应集合的值。可以通过 ALTER 操作来增加或删除 Enum 的成员(只要表没有用到该值,删除都是安全的)。作为安全保障,改变之前使用过的 Enum 成员将抛出异常。

通过 ALTER 操作,可以将 Enum8 转成 Enum16,反之亦然,就像 Int8Int16一样。