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102 lines
5.9 KiB
Markdown
102 lines
5.9 KiB
Markdown
# Access Rights {#access-rights}
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Users and access rights are set up in the user config. This is usually `users.xml`.
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Users are recorded in the `users` section. Here is a fragment of the `users.xml` file:
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``` xml
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<!-- Users and ACL. -->
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<users>
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<!-- If the user name is not specified, the 'default' user is used. -->
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<default>
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<!-- Password could be specified in plaintext or in SHA256 (in hex format).
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If you want to specify password in plaintext (not recommended), place it in 'password' element.
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Example: <password>qwerty</password>.
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Password could be empty.
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If you want to specify SHA256, place it in 'password_sha256_hex' element.
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Example: <password_sha256_hex>65e84be33532fb784c48129675f9eff3a682b27168c0ea744b2cf58ee02337c5</password_sha256_hex>
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How to generate decent password:
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Execute: PASSWORD=$(base64 < /dev/urandom | head -c8); echo "$PASSWORD"; echo -n "$PASSWORD" | sha256sum | tr -d '-'
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In first line will be password and in second - corresponding SHA256.
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-->
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<password></password>
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<!-- A list of networks that access is allowed from.
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Each list item has one of the following forms:
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<ip> The IP address or subnet mask. For example: 198.51.100.0/24 or 2001:DB8::/32.
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<host> Host name. For example: example01. A DNS query is made for verification, and all addresses obtained are compared with the address of the customer.
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<host_regexp> Regular expression for host names. For example, ^example\d\d-\d\d-\d\.yandex\.ru$
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To check it, a DNS PTR request is made for the client's address and a regular expression is applied to the result.
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Then another DNS query is made for the result of the PTR query, and all received address are compared to the client address.
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We strongly recommend that the regex ends with \.yandex\.ru$.
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If you are installing ClickHouse yourself, specify here:
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<networks>
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<ip>::/0</ip>
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</networks>
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-->
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<networks incl="networks" />
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<!-- Settings profile for the user. -->
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<profile>default</profile>
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<!-- Quota for the user. -->
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<quota>default</quota>
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</default>
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<!-- For requests from the Yandex.Metrica user interface via the API for data on specific counters. -->
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<web>
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<password></password>
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<networks incl="networks" />
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<profile>web</profile>
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<quota>default</quota>
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<allow_databases>
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<database>test</database>
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</allow_databases>
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</web>
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```
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You can see a declaration from two users: `default`and`web`. We added the `web` user separately.
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The `default` user is chosen in cases when the username is not passed. The `default` user is also used for distributed query processing, if the configuration of the server or cluster doesn’t specify the `user` and `password` (see the section on the [Distributed](../operations/table_engines/distributed.md) engine).
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The user that is used for exchanging information between servers combined in a cluster must not have substantial restrictions or quotas – otherwise, distributed queries will fail.
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The password is specified in clear text (not recommended) or in SHA-256. The hash isn’t salted. In this regard, you should not consider these passwords as providing security against potential malicious attacks. Rather, they are necessary for protection from employees.
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A list of networks is specified that access is allowed from. In this example, the list of networks for both users is loaded from a separate file (`/etc/metrika.xml`) containing the `networks` substitution. Here is a fragment of it:
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``` xml
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<yandex>
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...
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<networks>
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<ip>::/64</ip>
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<ip>203.0.113.0/24</ip>
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<ip>2001:DB8::/32</ip>
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...
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</networks>
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</yandex>
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```
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You could define this list of networks directly in `users.xml`, or in a file in the `users.d` directory (for more information, see the section «[Configuration files](configuration_files.md#configuration_files)»).
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The config includes comments explaining how to open access from everywhere.
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For use in production, only specify `ip` elements (IP addresses and their masks), since using `host` and `hoost_regexp` might cause extra latency.
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Next the user settings profile is specified (see the section «[Settings profiles](settings/settings_profiles.md)»). You can specify the default profile, `default'`. The profile can have any name. You can specify the same profile for different users. The most important thing you can write in the settings profile is `readonly=1`, which ensures read-only access.
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Then specify the quota to be used (see the section «[Quotas](quotas.md#quotas)»). You can specify the default quota: `default`. It is set in the config by default to only count resource usage, without restricting it. The quota can have any name. You can specify the same quota for different users – in this case, resource usage is calculated for each user individually.
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In the optional `<allow_databases>` section, you can also specify a list of databases that the user can access. By default, all databases are available to the user. You can specify the `default` database. In this case, the user will receive access to the database by default.
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Access to the `system` database is always allowed (since this database is used for processing queries).
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The user can get a list of all databases and tables in them by using `SHOW` queries or system tables, even if access to individual databases isn’t allowed.
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Database access is not related to the [readonly](settings/permissions_for_queries.md#settings_readonly) setting. You can’t grant full access to one database and `readonly` access to another one.
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[Original article](https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/operations/access_rights/) <!--hide-->
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