ClickHouse/docs/en/sql-reference/functions/conditional-functions.md

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43	Conditional

Conditional Functions

if

Controls conditional branching. Unlike most systems, ClickHouse always evaluate both expressions then and else.

Syntax

if(cond, then, else)

If the condition cond evaluates to a non-zero value, returns the result of the expression then, and the result of the expression else, if present, is skipped. If the cond is zero or NULL, then the result of the then expression is skipped and the result of the else expression, if present, is returned.

You can use the short_circuit_function_evaluation setting to calculate the if function according to a short scheme. If this setting is enabled, then expression is evaluated only on rows where cond is true, else expression – where cond is false. For example, an exception about division by zero is not thrown when executing the query SELECT if(number = 0, 0, intDiv(42, number)) FROM numbers(10), because intDiv(42, number) will be evaluated only for numbers that doesn't satisfy condition number = 0.

Arguments

• cond – The condition for evaluation that can be zero or not. The type is UInt8, Nullable(UInt8) or NULL.
• then – The expression to return if condition is met.
• else – The expression to return if condition is not met.

Returned values

The function executes then and else expressions and returns its result, depending on whether the condition cond ended up being zero or not.

Example

Query:

SELECT if(1, plus(2, 2), plus(2, 6));

Result:

┌─plus(2, 2)─┐
│          4 │
└────────────┘

Query:

SELECT if(0, plus(2, 2), plus(2, 6));

Result:

┌─plus(2, 6)─┐
│          8 │
└────────────┘

• then and else must have the lowest common type.

Example:

Take this LEFT_RIGHT table:

SELECT *
FROM LEFT_RIGHT

┌─left─┬─right─┐
│ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │     4 │
│    1 │     3 │
│    2 │     2 │
│    3 │     1 │
│    4 │  ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
└──────┴───────┘

The following query compares left and right values:

SELECT
    left,
    right,
    if(left < right, 'left is smaller than right', 'right is greater or equal than left') AS is_smaller
FROM LEFT_RIGHT
WHERE isNotNull(left) AND isNotNull(right)

┌─left─┬─right─┬─is_smaller──────────────────────────┐
│    1 │     3 │ left is smaller than right          │
│    2 │     2 │ right is greater or equal than left │
│    3 │     1 │ right is greater or equal than left │
└──────┴───────┴─────────────────────────────────────┘

Note: NULL values are not used in this example, check NULL values in conditionals section.

Ternary Operator

It works same as if function.

Syntax: cond ? then : else

Returns then if the cond evaluates to be true (greater than zero), otherwise returns else.

• cond must be of type of UInt8, and then and else must have the lowest common type.

• then and else can be NULL

See also

• ifNotFinite.

multiIf

Allows you to write the CASE operator more compactly in the query.

Syntax

multiIf(cond_1, then_1, cond_2, then_2, ..., else)

You can use the short_circuit_function_evaluation setting to calculate the multiIf function according to a short scheme. If this setting is enabled, then_i expression is evaluated only on rows where ((NOT cond_1) AND (NOT cond_2) AND ... AND (NOT cond_{i-1}) AND cond_i) is true, cond_i will be evaluated only on rows where ((NOT cond_1) AND (NOT cond_2) AND ... AND (NOT cond_{i-1})) is true. For example, an exception about division by zero is not thrown when executing the query SELECT multiIf(number = 2, intDiv(1, number), number = 5) FROM numbers(10).

Arguments

• cond_N — The condition for the function to return then_N.
• then_N — The result of the function when executed.
• else — The result of the function if none of the conditions is met.

The function accepts 2N+1 parameters.

Returned values

The function returns one of the values then_N or else, depending on the conditions cond_N.

Example

Again using LEFT_RIGHT table.

SELECT
    left,
    right,
    multiIf(left < right, 'left is smaller', left > right, 'left is greater', left = right, 'Both equal', 'Null value') AS result
FROM LEFT_RIGHT

┌─left─┬─right─┬─result──────────┐
│ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │     4 │ Null value      │
│    1 │     3 │ left is smaller │
│    2 │     2 │ Both equal      │
│    3 │     1 │ left is greater │
│    4 │  ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │ Null value      │
└──────┴───────┴─────────────────┘

Using Conditional Results Directly

Conditionals always result to 0, 1 or NULL. So you can use conditional results directly like this:

SELECT left < right AS is_small
FROM LEFT_RIGHT

┌─is_small─┐
│     ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
│        1 │
│        0 │
│        0 │
│     ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
└──────────┘

NULL Values in Conditionals

When NULL values are involved in conditionals, the result will also be NULL.

SELECT
    NULL < 1,
    2 < NULL,
    NULL < NULL,
    NULL = NULL

┌─less(NULL, 1)─┬─less(2, NULL)─┬─less(NULL, NULL)─┬─equals(NULL, NULL)─┐
│ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ          │ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ          │ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ             │ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ               │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────────┴────────────────────┘

So you should construct your queries carefully if the types are Nullable.

The following example demonstrates this by failing to add equals condition to multiIf.

SELECT
    left,
    right,
    multiIf(left < right, 'left is smaller', left > right, 'right is smaller', 'Both equal') AS faulty_result
FROM LEFT_RIGHT

┌─left─┬─right─┬─faulty_result────┐
│ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │     4 │ Both equal       │
│    1 │     3 │ left is smaller  │
│    2 │     2 │ Both equal       │
│    3 │     1 │ right is smaller │
│    4 │  ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │ Both equal       │
└──────┴───────┴──────────────────┘