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37 Combinators

Aggregate Function Combinators

The name of an aggregate function can have a suffix appended to it. This changes the way the aggregate function works.

-If

The suffix -If can be appended to the name of any aggregate function. In this case, the aggregate function accepts an extra argument a condition (Uint8 type). The aggregate function processes only the rows that trigger the condition. If the condition was not triggered even once, it returns a default value (usually zeros or empty strings).

Examples: sumIf(column, cond), countIf(cond), avgIf(x, cond), quantilesTimingIf(level1, level2)(x, cond), argMinIf(arg, val, cond) and so on.

With conditional aggregate functions, you can calculate aggregates for several conditions at once, without using subqueries and JOINs. For example, in Yandex.Metrica, conditional aggregate functions are used to implement the segment comparison functionality.

-Array

The -Array suffix can be appended to any aggregate function. In this case, the aggregate function takes arguments of the Array(T) type (arrays) instead of T type arguments. If the aggregate function accepts multiple arguments, this must be arrays of equal lengths. When processing arrays, the aggregate function works like the original aggregate function across all array elements.

Example 1: sumArray(arr) - Totals all the elements of all arr arrays. In this example, it could have been written more simply: sum(arraySum(arr)).

Example 2: uniqArray(arr) Counts the number of unique elements in all arr arrays. This could be done an easier way: uniq(arrayJoin(arr)), but its not always possible to add arrayJoin to a query.

-If and -Array can be combined. However, Array must come first, then If. Examples: uniqArrayIf(arr, cond), quantilesTimingArrayIf(level1, level2)(arr, cond). Due to this order, the cond argument wont be an array.

-State

If you apply this combinator, the aggregate function doesnt return the resulting value (such as the number of unique values for the uniq function), but an intermediate state of the aggregation (for uniq, this is the hash table for calculating the number of unique values). This is an AggregateFunction(...) that can be used for further processing or stored in a table to finish aggregating later.

To work with these states, use:

-Merge

If you apply this combinator, the aggregate function takes the intermediate aggregation state as an argument, combines the states to finish aggregation, and returns the resulting value.

-MergeState

Merges the intermediate aggregation states in the same way as the -Merge combinator. However, it doesnt return the resulting value, but an intermediate aggregation state, similar to the -State combinator.

-ForEach

Converts an aggregate function for tables into an aggregate function for arrays that aggregates the corresponding array items and returns an array of results. For example, sumForEach for the arrays [1, 2], [3, 4, 5]and[6, 7]returns the result [10, 13, 5] after adding together the corresponding array items.

-OrDefault

Changes behavior of an aggregate function.

If an aggregate function doesnt have input values, with this combinator it returns the default value for its return data type. Applies to the aggregate functions that can take empty input data.

-OrDefault can be used with other combinators.

Syntax

<aggFunction>OrDefault(x)

Parameters

  • x — Aggregate function parameters.

Returned values

Returns the default value of an aggregate functions return type if there is nothing to aggregate.

Type depends on the aggregate function used.

Example

Query:

SELECT avg(number), avgOrDefault(number) FROM numbers(0)

Result:

┌─avg(number)─┬─avgOrDefault(number)─┐
│         nan │                    0 │
└─────────────┴──────────────────────┘

Also -OrDefault can be used with another combinators. It is useful when the aggregate function does not accept the empty input.

Query:

SELECT avgOrDefaultIf(x, x > 10)
FROM
(
    SELECT toDecimal32(1.23, 2) AS x
)

Result:

┌─avgOrDefaultIf(x, greater(x, 10))─┐
│                              0.00 │
└───────────────────────────────────┘

-OrNull

Changes behavior of an aggregate function.

This combinator converts a result of an aggregate function to the Nullable data type. If the aggregate function does not have values to calculate it returns NULL.

-OrNull can be used with other combinators.

Syntax

<aggFunction>OrNull(x)

Parameters

  • x — Aggregate function parameters.

Returned values

  • The result of the aggregate function, converted to the Nullable data type.
  • NULL, if there is nothing to aggregate.

Type: Nullable(aggregate function return type).

Example

Add -orNull to the end of aggregate function.

Query:

SELECT sumOrNull(number), toTypeName(sumOrNull(number)) FROM numbers(10) WHERE number > 10

Result:

┌─sumOrNull(number)─┬─toTypeName(sumOrNull(number))─┐
│              ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │ Nullable(UInt64)              │
└───────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘

Also -OrNull can be used with another combinators. It is useful when the aggregate function does not accept the empty input.

Query:

SELECT avgOrNullIf(x, x > 10)
FROM
(
    SELECT toDecimal32(1.23, 2) AS x
)

Result:

┌─avgOrNullIf(x, greater(x, 10))─┐
│                           ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
└────────────────────────────────┘

-Resample

Lets you divide data into groups, and then separately aggregates the data in those groups. Groups are created by splitting the values from one column into intervals.

<aggFunction>Resample(start, end, step)(<aggFunction_params>, resampling_key)

Parameters

  • start — Starting value of the whole required interval for resampling_key values.
  • stop — Ending value of the whole required interval for resampling_key values. The whole interval doesnt include the stop value [start, stop).
  • step — Step for separating the whole interval into subintervals. The aggFunction is executed over each of those subintervals independently.
  • resampling_key — Column whose values are used for separating data into intervals.
  • aggFunction_paramsaggFunction parameters.

Returned values

  • Array of aggFunction results for each subinterval.

Example

Consider the people table with the following data:

┌─name───┬─age─┬─wage─┐
│ John   │  16 │   10 │
│ Alice  │  30 │   15 │
│ Mary   │  35 │    8 │
│ Evelyn │  48 │ 11.5 │
│ David  │  62 │  9.9 │
│ Brian  │  60 │   16 │
└────────┴─────┴──────┘

Lets get the names of the people whose age lies in the intervals of [30,60) and [60,75). Since we use integer representation for age, we get ages in the [30, 59] and [60,74] intervals.

To aggregate names in an array, we use the groupArray aggregate function. It takes one argument. In our case, its the name column. The groupArrayResample function should use the age column to aggregate names by age. To define the required intervals, we pass the 30, 75, 30 arguments into the groupArrayResample function.

SELECT groupArrayResample(30, 75, 30)(name, age) FROM people
┌─groupArrayResample(30, 75, 30)(name, age)─────┐
│ [['Alice','Mary','Evelyn'],['David','Brian']] │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Consider the results.

Jonh is out of the sample because hes too young. Other people are distributed according to the specified age intervals.

Now lets count the total number of people and their average wage in the specified age intervals.

SELECT
    countResample(30, 75, 30)(name, age) AS amount,
    avgResample(30, 75, 30)(wage, age) AS avg_wage
FROM people
┌─amount─┬─avg_wage──────────────────┐
│ [3,2]  │ [11.5,12.949999809265137] │
└────────┴───────────────────────────┘

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