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103 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
103 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
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# 访问权限 {#access-rights}
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用户和访问权限在用户配置中设置。 这通常是 `users.xml`.
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用户被记录在 `users` 科。 这里是一个片段 `users.xml` 文件:
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``` xml
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<!-- Users and ACL. -->
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<users>
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<!-- If the user name is not specified, the 'default' user is used. -->
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<default>
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<!-- Password could be specified in plaintext or in SHA256 (in hex format).
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If you want to specify password in plaintext (not recommended), place it in 'password' element.
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Example: <password>qwerty</password>.
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Password could be empty.
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If you want to specify SHA256, place it in 'password_sha256_hex' element.
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Example: <password_sha256_hex>65e84be33532fb784c48129675f9eff3a682b27168c0ea744b2cf58ee02337c5</password_sha256_hex>
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How to generate decent password:
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Execute: PASSWORD=$(base64 < /dev/urandom | head -c8); echo "$PASSWORD"; echo -n "$PASSWORD" | sha256sum | tr -d '-'
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In first line will be password and in second - corresponding SHA256.
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-->
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<password></password>
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<!-- A list of networks that access is allowed from.
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Each list item has one of the following forms:
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<ip> The IP address or subnet mask. For example: 198.51.100.0/24 or 2001:DB8::/32.
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<host> Host name. For example: example01. A DNS query is made for verification, and all addresses obtained are compared with the address of the customer.
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<host_regexp> Regular expression for host names. For example, ^example\d\d-\d\d-\d\.yandex\.ru$
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To check it, a DNS PTR request is made for the client's address and a regular expression is applied to the result.
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Then another DNS query is made for the result of the PTR query, and all received address are compared to the client address.
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We strongly recommend that the regex ends with \.yandex\.ru$.
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If you are installing ClickHouse yourself, specify here:
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<networks>
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<ip>::/0</ip>
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</networks>
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-->
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<networks incl="networks" />
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<!-- Settings profile for the user. -->
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<profile>default</profile>
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<!-- Quota for the user. -->
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<quota>default</quota>
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</default>
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<!-- For requests from the Yandex.Metrica user interface via the API for data on specific counters. -->
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<web>
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<password></password>
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<networks incl="networks" />
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<profile>web</profile>
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<quota>default</quota>
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<allow_databases>
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<database>test</database>
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</allow_databases>
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</web>
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```
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您可以看到两个用户的声明: `default`和`web`. 我们添加了 `web` 用户分开。
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该 `default` 在用户名未通过的情况下选择用户。 该 `default` 如果服务器或群集的配置没有指定分布式查询处理,则user也用于分布式查询处理 `user` 和 `password` (见上的部分 [分布](../engines/table_engines/special/distributed.md) 发动机)。
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The user that is used for exchanging information between servers combined in a cluster must not have substantial restrictions or quotas – otherwise, distributed queries will fail.
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密码以明文(不推荐)或SHA-256形式指定。 哈希没有腌制。 在这方面,您不应将这些密码视为提供了针对潜在恶意攻击的安全性。 相反,他们是必要的保护员工。
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指定允许访问的网络列表。 在此示例中,将从单独的文件加载两个用户的网络列表 (`/etc/metrika.xml`)包含 `networks` 替代。 这里是它的一个片段:
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``` xml
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<yandex>
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...
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<networks>
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<ip>::/64</ip>
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<ip>203.0.113.0/24</ip>
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<ip>2001:DB8::/32</ip>
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...
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</networks>
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</yandex>
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```
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您可以直接在以下内容中定义此网络列表 `users.xml`,或在文件中 `users.d` directory (for more information, see the section «[配置文件](configuration_files.md#configuration_files)»).
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该配置包括解释如何从任何地方打开访问的注释。
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对于在生产中使用,仅指定 `ip` 元素(IP地址及其掩码),因为使用 `host` 和 `hoost_regexp` 可能会导致额外的延迟。
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Next the user settings profile is specified (see the section «[设置配置文件](settings/settings_profiles.md)»). You can specify the default profile, `default'`. 配置文件可以有任何名称。 您可以为不同的用户指定相同的配置文件。 您可以在设置配置文件中编写的最重要的事情是 `readonly=1`,这确保只读访问。
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Then specify the quota to be used (see the section «[配额](quotas.md#quotas)»). You can specify the default quota: `default`. It is set in the config by default to only count resource usage, without restricting it. The quota can have any name. You can specify the same quota for different users – in this case, resource usage is calculated for each user individually.
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在可选 `<allow_databases>` 您还可以指定用户可以访问的数据库列表。 默认情况下,所有数据库都可供用户使用。 您可以指定 `default` 数据库。 在这种情况下,默认情况下,用户将接收对数据库的访问权限。
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访问 `system` 始终允许数据库(因为此数据库用于处理查询)。
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用户可以通过以下方式获取其中所有数据库和表的列表 `SHOW` 查询或系统表,即使不允许访问单个数据库。
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数据库访问是不相关的 [只读](settings/permissions_for_queries.md#settings_readonly) 设置。 您不能授予对一个数据库的完全访问权限,并 `readonly` 进入另一个。
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[原始文章](https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/operations/access_rights/) <!--hide-->
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